• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.210-215
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• 2001

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of gadobenate dimeglumine (GdBOPTA) enhanced MR imaging for the detection of liver lesions in patients with primary malignant hepatic neoplasms. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients with histologically proven primary malignancy of the liver were evaluated before and after administration of GdBOPTA at dose 0.05 or 0.10 mmol/kg. T1-weighted spin echo (T1W-SE) and gradient echo (T1W-GRE) images were evaluated for lesion number, location, size and confidence by three off-site independent reviewers and the findings were compared to reference standard imaging (intraoperative ultrasound, computed tomography during arterial portography or lipiodol computed tomography). Results were analyzed for significance using a two-sided McNemar's test. Results: More lesions were identified on Gd-BOPTA enhanced images than on unenhanced images and there was no significant difference in lesion detection between either concentration. The largest benefit was in detection of lesions under 1 cm in size (7 to 21, 9 to 15, 16 to 18 for reviewers A, B, C respectively). In 68% of the patients with more than one lesion, Gd-BOPTA increased the number of lesions detected. Conclusion: Liver MR imaging after Gd-BOPTA increases the detection of liver lesions in patients with primary malignant hepatic neoplasm.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.79 -94
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• 2024

Over the past few decades, new psychoactive substances (NPS) have become prevailing. With the widespread emergence of NPS, phenethylamines (PEAs) have become one of the groups abused most which PEAs, along with other stimulants, make up the majority of stimulants. When determining the NPS, the methods for screening and confirmation are crucial which assesses the reliability of testimony. In this study, a set of GC/MS methods employing two derivatizing agents for determining 76 target PEAs in urine was established and further applied for authentic sample analysis. Five PEAs (N,N-DMA, PMMA, 4-CA, amphetamine, and methamphetamine) with contents over their LLOQs were detected in thirteen of the twenty tested samples. In order to compare the result from the GC/MS methods with the previously established LC-MS/MS method, Cohen's kappa coefficient and McNemar's test were applied for statistical analysis. Perfect agreement between GC/MS and LC-MS/MS techniques for determining target PEAs is demonstrated by the Kappa coefficient for each of the five detected targets.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.268-284
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• 1995

This study was designed to test effects of nursing ethics education (NEE) on moral reasoning and ethical decision making of subjects. This NEE that was teached for 10 hours course was composed of these : Nurses' ethical code, moral responsibility, Moral value and professional accountability, Respect for human life, General ethics, Theory and Norms of biomedical ethics, Ethical decision making model and Discussion about hypothetical ethical dilemmas Twenty-five senior student nurses were sampled from four year college of nursing from Nov. 3rd, 1993 to Nov. 24th, 1993. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires included two kinds of tests. Rest's Defining Issues Test was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2 (instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3 (interpersonal concordance), the stage 4 (law and order), the stage 5A (societal consensus), and the stage 5B (intuitional humanism), the stage 6 (universal ethical practice). In particular, the level of principled thinking (P) was measured by summing these scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is 0 to 95. As for measuring the levels of morality and nursing dilemma, Crisham's Nursing Dilemma Test was adopted. This test generated the morality score(MS) and the dilemma score (DS). The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mc Nemar's test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows ; 1. For the Moral Reasoning both before and after NEE, The Mean score of the stage 5A was significantly higher than that of other stages.(P=0.0001) Before NEE, the mean score of the stage 4 was significantly different from stage 2, 3, 5A, and after NEE, different from stage 2, 5B,6. 2. The analysis of change of moral development level revealed that the score of stage 4 increased after NEE.(P=0.0004) 3. The Effect of NEE for the mean score of 5A, 6, P after education was significantly different by birth place. 4. With regard to the five dilemmas postulated such as forcing medication performing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, reporting a medication error, informing diagnosis to terminally ill adult, and providing new-nurse orientation, the mean score of the MS and the DS was no significant difference with general characteristics of the students. Effect of NEE morality score and dilemma score after education was no significant difference. 5. As for the correlations between moral reasoning and decision making, the score of the stage 2, 5A, 6, DS was positively correlated with the scores of before and after. Positive correlation was also observed between the scores of stage 2 and stage 4, stage 3 and 6. On the other hand, the score of P was negatively correlated with the scores of stage 2 and of stage 4 and of stage 5A. The score of the stage 5A was also negatively correlated with the score of the sge 6.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.700-704
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• 2010

Background: For staging primary lung cancer, integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging is popular. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of PET/CT scanning in lymph nodal staging of lung cancer. Material and Method: We studied 48 patients who had received CT, PET/CT and pulmonary resections due to primary non-small cell lung cancer in our hospital between January 2006 and August 2009. Mediastinal lymph nodes were classified as superior mediastinal nodes, aortic nodes, inferior mediastinal nodes, or N1 nodes. We compared the power of CT and PET/CT for diagnosing pulmonary lymph nodes for each of the four types of nodes. Result: PET/CT was more sensitive than CT for all groups except inferior mediastinal nodes. However, the differences were not significant (McNemar's test: superior mediastinal nodes, p=0.109; aortic nodes, p=1.000; inferior mediastinal nodes, p=0.625, N1 nodes, p=0.424). Conclusion: The accuracy of PET/CT is similar to that of CT alone for staging lymph nodes. The two imaging modalities might be used as complementary, cooperative tools. We expect that integrated PET/CT will be found to be significantly mmore sensitive after more trials are done and more data is accumulated.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.182-191
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify necessary emergency treatment and nursing activities for severe trauma patients according to elapsed time and vital signs. Methods: A survey was conducted with 121 patients over 15 points ISS on EMR from June 1, 2011 to May 31, 2012. Collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, applying McNemar's test using SPSS 12.0. Results: Almost all of the subjects were men and the mean age was 46.9. Run-time for primary diagnosis, treatment decision, and leaving for the hospital room was 0.19, 4.36, and 4.21 hours, respectively, and stayover time was 9 hours. Regardless of vital signs, emergency treatments involving ambu-bagging, intubation, ventilator, and central vein catheterization insertion were offered within an hour. Central venous pressure, Foley catheter/Levin tube preparation and maintenance were performed in cases of unstable vital sign patients within an hour. Unrelated to vital signs, nursing activities for consciousness assessment, skin assesment and wound care, bed sore/fall down assesment and care, intravenous injection insertion and maintenance were conducted for all severe trauma patients within an hour. Foley catheter/Levin tube drainage care was performed for patients who had unstable vital signs within an hour. Conclusion: Emergency treatment and nursing activities for severe trauma patients were specific according to elapsed time and vital signs.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between stress and maxillofacial injuries in male students. Methods : The subjects were 386 male students who were 18 years or more. Mean age was $20.99{\pm}2.80$ years. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire from March 7 to March 28, 2013. We surveyed maxillofacial injuries, mouth guards use and stress in male students majoring physical education. The data were analyzed by Cochran's Mantel-Haenszel, McNemar test and logistic multiple regression. Results : Those who had clenching habit and maxillofacial pain accounted for 48.7%. The pain was 3.23 folds higher in clenching habit than those who had not (OR=3.23, p <.001). The more stress they had, the more clenching habit (OR=2.13) and pain(OR=1.68) did they have. Within 2 years, those having maxillofacial injury accounted for 53.2% and 78.6% of them put on maxillofacial protection guard. In rule for mouth guard use, 39.9% had no maxillofacial injury. Maxillofacial injury was 2.41 folds higher in those who had no mouth guard usee (OR=2.41). Conclusion : Maxillofacial injury had a close correlation with mouth guard use and stress. Therefore, it is very important to establish the rule for mouth guard use in sports activities.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of Accura to that of the T-scan for indicating occlusal contacts. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty-four subjects were selected. Their maxillary dental casts were scanned with a model scanner. The Stereolithography files of the casts were positioned to align with the occlusal plane. Occlusal surfaces of every tooth were divided into three to six anatomic regions. T-scan and Accura recordings were made during two masticatory cycles. The T-scan and Accura images were captured at the maximum bite force and overlapped to the cast. Photographs of interocclusal records were used as the reference during overlap. The occlusal contacts were counted to compare the T-scan and Accura. McNemar's test was used for statistical significance and the corresponding P-values were calculated from a chi-square distribution with one degree of freedom. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Accura were calculated relative to the T-scan values as a control. RESULTS. No statistical differences (P>.05) were found between the T-scan and Accura methods. The accuracy of Accura was 75.8%, sensitivity was 82.1%, specificity was 60.1%, PPV was 82.9%, and NPV was 60.1%. CONCLUSION. Accura could be another possible option as a computerized occlusal analysis system for indicating occlusal contacts at maximum intercuspation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2015

Objectives : The objective of this study was to compare the Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC) profile between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing children. We also aimed to investigate the association of K-PRC and ADHD symptoms. Methods : Ninety-nine youth (age $8.3{\pm}2.4$ years, 72 boys) with ADHD and 84 controls (age $9.2{\pm}2.5$ years, 43 boys) were recruited from the Department of Pediatric Psychiatry of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. Diagnoses of ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders were confirmed with the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The parents of the subjects completed the ADHD rating scale, and K-PRC. Independent t-tests, analysis of covariance, partial correlation analyses, and Mc Nemar test were used for analysis. Results : Children and adolescents with ADHD showed higher K-PRC scores in verbal development, physical development, depression, delinquency, hyperactivity, family dysfunction and psychoticism. Delinquency and hyperactivity were significantly correlated with parent-rated ADHD rating scales and ADHD scores on K-SADS-PL. The hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes showed higher scores on hyperactivity and delinquency than the inattentive subtype, and the inattentive subtype showed higher scores on depression and social dysfunction of the K-PRC. Conclusion : Our results suggest that K-PRC could be used to comprehensively evaluate symptoms, combined psychopathologies, developmental delay and family dysfunction of children with ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.354-365
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• 2021

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and its role as a second-line imaging modality after gadoxetate-enhanced MRI (Gd-EOB-MRI) in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among at risk observations. Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled participants at risk of HCC with treatment-naïve solid hepatic observations (≥ 1 cm) of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LR)-3/4/5/M during surveillance and performed Gd-EOB-MRI. A total of one hundred and three participants with 103 hepatic observations (mean size, 28.2 ± 24.5 mm; HCCs [n = 79], non-HCC malignancies [n = 15], benign [n = 9]; diagnosed by pathology [n = 57], or noninvasive method [n = 46]) were included in this study. The participants underwent CEUS with sulfur hexafluoride. Arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) and washout on Gd-EOB-MRI and CEUS were evaluated. The distinctive washout in CEUS was defined as mild washout 60 seconds after contrast injection. The diagnostic ability of Gd-EOB-MRI and of CEUS as a second-line modality for HCC were determined according to the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the Korean Liver Cancer Association and National Cancer Center (KLCA-NCC) guidelines. The diagnostic abilities of both imaging modalities were compared using the McNemar's test. Results: The sensitivity of CEUS (60.8%) was lower than that of Gd-EOB-MRI (72.2%, p = 0.06 by EASL; 86.1%, p < 0.01 by KLCA-NCC); however, the specificity was 100%. By performing CEUS on the inconclusive observations in Gd-EOB-MRI, HCCs without APHE (n = 10) or washout (n = 12) on Gd-EOB-MRI further presented APHE (80.0%, 8/10) or distinctive washout (66.7%, 8/12) on CEUS, and more HCCs were diagnosed than with Gd-EOB-MRI alone (sensitivity: 72.2% vs. 83.5% by EASL, p < 0.01; 86.1% vs. 91.1% by KCLA-NCC, p = 0.04). There were no false-positive cases for HCC on CEUS. Conclusion: The addition of CEUS to Gd-EOB-MRI as a second-line diagnostic modality increases the frequency of HCC diagnosis without changing the specificities.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.485-494
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• 2004

Background : To assess the effects of mDOT implementation on sputum smear conversion for AFB (Acid fast bacilli) positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients, modified Directly Observed Treatment (mDOT) was started on October $8^{th}$ 2001 at a health center in Seoul. mDOT was defined through weekly interviewing and supervising of a patient by a supervisor (doctor, nurse, or lay health worker). The sputum smear conversion of a mDOT group was compared with that of a self-medication (self) group. Methods : This study included 52 AFB positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered at a health center in Seoul between October $8^{th}$ 2001 and April $23^{rd}$ 2002. 24 and 28 patients were enrolled in the mDOT and self medication groups, respectively. Paired (1:1) individual matching, by gender, extent of disease, relapse and age-matching variables, was performed between the two groups, resulting in 20 paired matches. This prospective study was planned as an unblinded, non-randomized quasiexperimental pilot project. Outcomes were identified from results of sputum smear examinations for AFB in both groups at 2 weeks, and 1 and 2 months. The paired matching data were analyzed using the SAS program version 8.1 by McNemar test. Results : At the end of 2 weeks of treatment, the sputum smear conversion of the mDOT group was somewhat higher than that of the self medication group (78.57 vs. 50%, p-value=0.289), and after 1 month of treatment no statistically significant difference was shown between the two groups (83.33 vs. 50, p-value=0.125). At the end of 2 months of treatment (initial intensive phase), the sputum smear conversions of the mDOT and self groups were 95 and 75%, respectively (p-value=0.219). Conclusions : The implementation of mDOT did not result in clinically significant increases in the sputum smear conversion at 2 weeks, and 1 and 2 months compared with that of the self medication group. However, the increases experienced might contribute to diminishing the infectious period of AFB positive patients, and this approach may act as a guide for a specific group of patients. In this study, mDOT was performed for one hundred percent of the intensive treatment phase. It can also be an effective treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and may be useful for some high risk tuberculosis patients.