• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2007

Proper weight shifting is essential for a successful shot in golf swing and this could be described by means of the ground forces between the feet and ground. It is assumed that the ground forces would different according to the club used because the length and swing weight of each club is different. But, in present, it is not clear what changes are made by the change of clubs and this affect the swing motion. Therefore this study focused on the investigation of the changes of the ground forces and ground reaction forces (GRF) by the change of club length. The subjects were three professional male golfers. Four swings (driver, iron 3, iron 5, and iron 7) for each subject were taken by two high speed video cameras and two AMTI force platforms were used to measure the GRF simultaneously. Kwon GRF 2.0 and Mathcad 13 software were used to post processing the data. Changes of the three major component of GRF (Vertical, lateral, anterior-posterior force) at 10 predefined events were analyzed including the maximum. Major findings of this study were as follows. 1. Vertical forces; - There were no significant changes until the top of backswing. - Maximum was occurred at the club horizontal position in the downswing for both feet. The shorter club produced more maximum forces than longer ones in the left foot, but reverse were true for the right foot. - Maximum forces at impact shows the same patterns. 2. Lateral forces; Maximum was occurred at the club horizontal position for both feet, but there were no lateral forces because the direction of two forces was different. Maximum force pattern by different clubs was same as the vertical component. 3. Anterior-posterior forces; - This component made a counter-clock wise moment about a vertical axis located between two foot until the club vertical position was reached during the backswing, and reverse moment were produced when the club reached horizontal at the downswing. - Also this component made a forward moment about a horizontal axis located in the CG during the fore half of the downswing, and a reverse moment until the club reached vertical at the follow through phase. Maximum was occurred at the club vertical in the downswing for both feet. The longer club produced more maximum forces than shorter ones for both feet.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.325-337
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• 2012

In this article, the multi-objective optimization of cylindrical aluminum tubes under axial impact load is presented. The specific absorbed energy and the maximum crushing force are considered as objective functions. The geometric dimensions of tubes including diameter, length and thickness are chosen as design variables. D/t and L/D ratios are constricted in the range of which collapsing of tubes occurs in concertina or diamond mode. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II is applied to obtain the Pareto optimal solutions. A back-propagation neural network is constructed as the surrogate model to formulate the mapping between the design variables and the objective functions. The finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit is used to generate the training and test sets for the artificial neural networks. To validate the results of finite element model, several impact tests are carried out using drop hammer testing machine.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2023

In this study, 50 ABE-type hard hats were procured from five certified commercial manufacturers, and shock absorption tests were conducted in accordance with Protective Equipment Safety Certification Notice No. 2020-35. The tests were performed under both high- and low-temperature conditions, adhering to safety helmet testing standards. The highest shock transmission ranges were recorded in the tests, with an average energy range of 2,600-4,108 N at high temperatures and 2,316-3,991 N at low temperatures. All five hard hat models demonstrated a maximum transmitted impact force below 4,450 N, without any loss of cap and attachment functionality, confirming their compliance with performance standards. Furthermore, we evaluated the side impact performance of the safety helmets of each company, with an average range of 4,722-5,267 N. Company A exhibited the lowest measurement at 4,722 N. Comparing these results with international safety standards and the national shock absorption test criteria, it was observed that the maximum transmitted shock value using government-specified impact weight falls within the range of 4,450-5,000 N. However, it was noted that developed countries have established specific standards for the side impact forces on safety helmets, which are legally mandated. Consequently, it is imperative for South Korea to enhance its safety helmet side impact performance test methodology to align with domestic standards in the future.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.489-494
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• 2001

This paper deals with a dynamic modeling of artillery system loaded by gun charge explosion during firing condition. Geometric and elastic gun data are used to modify a projectile interaction model. The maximum impact force on gun barrel was 15,000 N and the gun barrel moved about 1.3 m. A cannon bal] was presented to travel in the flexible gun, the traveling distance was about 23,000 m, and the angular velocity was about 10rad/sec. The artillery dynamic system using the multi-body dynamics enables us to obtain the data for the fatigue analysis.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2013

This study examined 24 right-handed amateur baseball players. Twelve who had played baseball for more than 6 years were grouped as skilled players, while 12 who had played for 1-3 years were the unskilled player group. The swing motion was divided into four event phases: stance, backswing, impact, and follow-through. The mean and maximum plantar pressure, center of pressure, and ground reaction force were measured during each event phase. The mean and standard deviations for each variables were calculated and differences were validated with the independent sample t-test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were as follows. 1)The ideal stance is a stable, balanced position with more than 65% of weight on the right foot. There was significant difference in mean left plantar pressure, while the maximal plantar pressure and mean right plantar pressure did not differ significant. 2)The effective backswing of a skilled player is comprised a rightward shift in weight to build maximum energy. More than 90% of the weight was on the right foot. There was a significant difference in the mean left plantar pressure, while the maximal plantar pressure and mean right plantar pressure did not differ significantly. 3) For an effective impact, a rapid shift in weight to the left foot is essential, so that a power hit is obtained. Significant difference in the mean and maximum plantar pressures of both feet were observed. 4)Follow-through requires wight balance, more on the right than the left, without leaning leftward. There was no significant difference in the mean or maximum plantar pressure. 5)The center of plantar pressure should move from the center of the foot to the toe. 6)The analyses of the ground reaction force suggest that a good swing involves a gradual shift in weight to the right side and a rapid leftward shift at impact. Good balance, with the center of gravity on the right side at follow-through, is also required.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권10호
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• pp.1499-1507
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• 2017

This paper presents an impact-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvester using a freely movable metal sphere and a piezoceramic fiber-based MFC (Macro Fiber Composite) as piezoelectric cantilever. The free motion of the metal sphere, which impacts both ends of the cavity in an aluminum housing, generates power across a cantilever-type MFC beam in response to low frequency vibration such as human-body-induced motion. Impacting force of the spherical proof mass is transformed into the vibration of the piezoelectric cantilever indirectly via the aluminum housing. A proof-of-concept energy harvesting device has been fabricated and tested. Effect of the indirect impact-based system has been tested and compared with the direct impact-based counterpart. Maximum peak-to-peak open circuit voltage of 39.8V and average power of $598.9{\mu}W$ have been obtained at 3g acceleration at 18Hz. Long-term reliability of the fabricated device has been verified by cyclic testing. For the improvement of output performance and reliability, various devices have been tested and compared. Using device fabricated with anodized aluminum housing, maximum peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage of 34.4V and average power of $372.8{\mu}W$ have been obtained at 3g excitation at 20Hz. In terms of reliability, housing with 0.5mm-thick steel plate and anodized aluminum gave improved results with reduced power reduction during initial phase of the cyclic testing.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 고준위폐기물 처분장에서 처분용기를 취급할 때 발생할 수 있는 운송차량에서 처분용기의 추락낙하 사고시 지면에 충돌할 때 지면으로부터 받는 충격력에 대하여 직경이 102cm인 가압경수로(PWR)용 처분용기에 대한 구조해석을 수행하여 처분용기의 구조적 안정성을 평가하였다. 이를 위하여 처분용기가 추락낙하하여 지면과 충돌 시에 처분용기가 받는 충격력을 구하기 위한 기구동역학해석을 상용 CAE 시스템인 RecurDyn을 이용하여 수행하였으며, 이와 같이 구한 충격력에 대하여 상용 유한요소해석 코드인 NISA를 이용하여 처분용기의 비선형구조해석을 수행하여 처분용기 내에 발생하는 응력 및 변형을 구하였다. 이를 바탕으로 처분용기가 처분장에서 취급 시 부주의로 운송차량에서 추락낙하 하는 경우 처분용기의 구조적 안전성을 평가하였다. 처분용기를 강체로 가정하고 기구동역학해석을 수행한 결과 처분용기는 지면과 두 가지 유형으로 충돌함을 알 수 있었고, 충돌 초기 지면으로부터 받는 충격력이 가장 크고 그 이 후 충돌 시에는 충격력이 점차로 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 안정적인 구조안전성 평가결과를 얻기 위하여 처분장에서 차량 운송 시 추락낙하 사고에서의 운송차량의 높이는 충분히 높은 5m로 가정하였다. 충격력에 대한 비선형구조해석은 추락낙하하여 가장 큰 값인 충돌 초기의 충격력의 크기를 가지고 비선형구조해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과 이송 중인 차량에서 추락낙하하는 경우 처분용기의 내부 주철삽입물에 주철의 항복응력보다 더 큰 응력이 발생하였으며, 이는 처분용기에 항복이 발생하여 경수로 처분용기의 구조적 안전성이 확보되지 못함을 보여주고 있다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.777-796
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• 2016

In this paper, the behavior of woven E-glass fabric composite laminate was experimentally investigated under quasi-static indentation and high velocity impact by flat-ended, hemispherical, conical (cone angle of $37^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$) and ogival (CRH of 1.5 and 2.5) cylindrical perforators. Moreover, the results are compared in order to explore the possibility of extending quasi-static indentation test results to high velocity impact test results in different characteristics such as perforation mechanisms, performance of perforators, energy absorption, friction force, etc. The effects of perforator nose shape, nose length and nose-shank connection shapes were investigated. The results showed that the quasi-static indentation test has a great ability to predict the high velocity impact behavior of the composite laminates especially in several characteristics such as perforation mechanisms, perforator performance. In both experiments, the highest performance occurs for 2.5 CRH projectile and the lowest is related to blunt projectiles. The results show that sharp perforators indicate lower values of dynamic enhancement factor and the flat-ended perforator represents the maximum dynamic enhancement factor among other perforators. Moreover, damage propagation far more occurred in high velocity impact tests then quasi-static tests. The highest damage area is mostly observed in ballistic limit of each projectile which projectile deviation strongly increases this area.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.73-88
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• 1990

본 논문에서는 이론적인 방법과 실험적인 방법에 의해서 구와 플레어 형상을 갖는 축대칭 물체와 같이 3차원 물체에 대한 충격력을 검토하였다. 플레어 형상을 갖는 축대칭물체는 선수와 유사한 형상을 갖고 있다. 플레어 형상물체는 연직운동에 대한 것만을 검토한 반면 구에 대해서는 연직운동만이 아니라 사각 충격에 대해서도 검토하였다. 다이폴분포와 등포텐시얼 자유표면문제를 푼 계산결과와 실험결과를 비교하였다. 경계치문제는 알려진 내부유동을 사용함으로써 계산시간을 단축하였다. 이론과 실험의 비교로부터 물체형상에 따라 최대 충격력의 이론추정치는 실험치보다 더 크거나 작을 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 그러나, 이론치가 실용적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.159-181
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• 2024

In the present study, the effect of geometrical parameters of two different types of aluminum thin-walled structures on energy absorption under three-bending impact loading has been investigated experimentally and numerically. To evaluate the effect of parameters on the specific energy absorption (SEA), initial peak crushing force (IPCF), and the maximum crushing distance (δ), a design of experiment technique (DOE) with response surface method (RSM) was applied. Four different thin-walled structures have been tested under the low-velocity impact, and then they have simulated by ABAQUS software. An acceptable consistency between the numerical and experimental results was obtained. In this study, statistical analysis has been performed on various parameters of three different types of tubes. In the first and the second statistical analysis, the dimensional parameters of the cross-section, the number of holes, and the dimensional parameter of holes were considered as the design variables. The diameter reduction rate and the number of sections with different diameters are related to the third statistical analysis. All design points of the statistical method have been simulated by the finite element package, ABAQUS/Explicit. The final result shows that the height and thickness of tubes were more effective than other geometrical parameters, and despite the fact that the deformations of the cylindrical tubes were around forty percent greater than the rectangular tubes, the top desirability was relevant to the cylindrical tubes with reduced cross-sections.