• 제목/요약/키워드: Maximum Dose

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≪상한론≫ 탕제에서 한약 하루 먹는 량 최대와 최소 비율에 근거한 복용량 1 량(兩) 교정 (Proofreading of one Ryang based on the Ratio of Maximum and Minimum Dose in the Decoction of ≪Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases≫)

  • 김인락
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제34권1호
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    • pp.43-50
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    • 2019
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study was to proofread 'one ryang' in the Decoction of ${\ll}$Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases${\gg}$. Methods : I found out the ratio of maximum dose and minimum dose in this book. On the basis of the ratio, I corrected 'one ryang' in diverse decoctions. Results : In any decoction, maximum dose of medicinal medica in one decoction could not exceed four times minimum dose. Specifically, in the case that maximum dose in one decoction is sixteen ryang, it could not exceed eight times minimum dose in the same decoction. Any medicinal medica used in two decoctions or more, its maximum dose could not exceed four times minimum dose in other decoctions. On the basis of these results, it should be changed into three ryangs that are one ryang dose of 'Haematitum' of Seonbokdaeja Tang, 'Ginger' of Bujageongang Tang, Baektong Tang, Baektonggajeodamjep Tang and Senggangsasim Tang. Furthermore it should be changed into two ryangs that are one ryang dose of 'Coptidis Rhizoma' of Sohamhyung Tang, 'Ginger' of Dowha Tang, 'Ginseng Radix' of Whubaksenggangbanhagamchoinsam Tang, 'Polyporus, Poria Sclerotium, Alismatis Rhizoma, Talcum and Asini Corii Colla' of Jeoryeong Tang, 'Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma' of Mahuangshengma Tang and 'Cassiae Cortex Interior' of Gyejigamchoryonggolmoryeo Tang. Conclusions : These results suggest that one ryang of thirteen medicinal medica such as Haematitum or Ginger of eleven decoctions such as Seonbokdaeja Tang or Bujageongang Tang should be changed into two or three ryangs.

제1상 임상시험에서 곡선적합을 이용한 MTD 추정법 (Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimate by Curve Fitting in Phase I Clinical Trial)

  • 허은하;김동재
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.179-187
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    • 2011
  • 제 1상 입상시험의 주된 목적은 신약의 최대허용용량(Maximum tolerated dose; MTD)의 추정이다. 본 논문에서는 실험으로 얻어진 Dose-toxicity data를 S자 모형에 적합 시켜 MTD를 추정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 멈춤 규칙(stopping rule)에 의해 MTD가 결정되는 방법과 미리 정해진 표본수에서 실험을 종료하고 MTD를 추정하는 기존의 추정방법을 본 논문에서 제안한 방법과 모의실험을 통하여 비교하였다.

Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial

  • Kim, Yu Rim;Kim, Dongjae
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • 제19권6호
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    • pp.877-884
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    • 2012
  • Phase I trials determine the maximum tolerated dose(MTD) and the recommended dose(RD) for subsequent Phase II trials. In this paper, a MTD estimation method applied to a biased coin design is proposed for Phase I Clinical Trials. The suggested MTD estimation method is compared to the SM3 method and the NM method (Lee and Kim, 2012) using a Monte Carlo simulation study.

제 1상 임상시험에서 멈춤 규칙을 이용한 수정된 최대허용용량 추정법 (Adjusted maximum tolerated dose estimation by stopping rule in phaseⅠclinical trial)

  • 박주희;김동재
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.1085-1091
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    • 2012
  • 제 1상 임상시험의 주목적은 신약 후보 물질의 독성을 평가하여 부작용 및 안전하게 투여할 수 있는 약물의 적정한 용량인 최대허용용량의 추정이다. 기존에 최대허용용량을 추정하는 방법에는 표준방법 (Storer, 1989; Korn 등, 1994) 그리고 NM방법 (Lee와 Kim, 2012) 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 많은 피험자들이 낮은 용량에 많이 할당되는 점을 보완하고 기존의 최대허용용량 추정법보다 적은 수의 피험자로 실험하기 위해서 기존 최대허용용량 추정법을 수정한 멈춤 규칙을 적용시킨 추정법을 제안하였다. 기존의 방법들과 새롭게 제시한 방법을 모의실험을 통하여 비교하였다.

발암물질의 발암용량과 최대내성용량의 상관관계 (Correlation Between Tumorigenic Doses and the Maximum Tolerated Dose of Carcinogens)

  • 이병무;김근종
    • 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.108-111
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    • 1999
  • Correlation between the tumorigenic dose (TD) and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was examined to search for the most relevant TD values related to the MTD. Using benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) 2-yr bioassay data, correlation coefficients between values of $TD_{1-}$50/ and the MTD were estimated from linearized or non-linearlized dose-response curves. The highest correlation coefficients (0.9966-1.0000) were obtained from T $D_{1-}$10/ in linearized dose-response curves while the highest (0.9966-1.0000) were estimated from $TD _{5-}$10/ in non-linearized dose-response eurves. These data suggest that TDs-lo were more closely related to the MTD than the ,$TD_{5-}$10/ in B(a)P 2-yr bioassay and that in lieu of the $TD_{50}$ they could be efficiently applicable to risk assessment and management.ent.

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방사선 치료용 고에너지 전자선의 조직 내 선량분포 특성에 관한 연구 (Study on Characteristics of Dose Distribution in Tissue of High Energy Electron Beam for Radiation Therapy)

  • 나수경
    • 대한방사선치료학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.175-186
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    • 2002
  • The purpose of this study is directly measure and evaluate about absorbed dose change according to nominal energy and electron cone or medical accelerator on isodose curve, percentage depth dose, contaminated X-ray, inhomogeneous tissue, oblique surface and irradiation on intracavitary that electron beam with high energy distributed in tissue, and it settled standard data of hish energy electron beam treatment, and offer to exactly data for new dote distribution modeling study based on experimental resuls and theory. Electron beam with hish energy of $6{\sim}20$ MeV is used that generated from medical linear accelerator (Clinac 2100C/D, Varian) for the experiment, andwater phantom and Farmer chamber md Markus chamber und for absorbe d dose measurement of electron beam, and standard absorbed dose is calculated by standard measurements of International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) TRS 277. Dose analyzer (700i dose distribution analyzer, Wellhofer), film (X-OmatV, Kodak), external cone, intracavitary cone, cork, animal compact bone and air were used for don distribution measurement. As the results of absorbed dose ratio increased while irradiation field was increased, it appeared maximum at some irradiation field size and decreased though irradiation field size was more increased, and it decreased greatly while energy of electron beam was increased, and scattered dose on wall of electron cone was the cause. In percentage depth dose curve of electron beam, Effective depth dose(R80) for nominal energy of 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV are 1.85, 2.93, 4.07, 5.37 and 6.53 cm respectively, which seems to be one third of electron beam energy (MeV). Contaminated X-ray was generated from interaction between electron beam with high energy and material, and it was about $0.3{\sim}2.3\%$ of maximum dose and increased with increasing energy. Change of depth dose ratio of electron beam was compared with theory by Monte Carlo simulation, and calculation and measured value by Pencil beam model reciprocally, and percentage depth dose and measured value by Pencil beam were agreed almost, however, there were a little lack on build up area and error increased in pendulum and multi treatment since there was no contaminated X-ray part. Percentage depth dose calculated by Monte Carlo simulation appeared to be less from all part except maximum dose area from the curve. The change of percentage depth dose by inhomogeneous tissue, maximum range after penetration the 1 cm bone was moved 1 cm toward to surface then polystyrene phantom. In case of 1 cm and 2 cm cork, it was moved 0.5 cm and 1 cm toward to depth, respectively. In case of air, practical range was extended toward depth without energy loss. Irradiation on intracavitary is using straight and beveled type cones of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 $cm{\phi}$, and maximum and effective $80\%$ dose depth increases while electron beam energy and size of electron cone increase. In case of contaminated X-ray, as the energy increase, straight type cones were more highly appeared then beveled type. The output factor of intracavitary small field electron cone was $15{\sim}86\%$ of standard external electron cone($15{\times}15cm^2$) and straight type was slightly higher then beveled type.

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Comparison of plan dosimetry on multi-targeted lung radiotherapy: A phantom-based computational study using IMRT and VMAT

  • Khan, Muhammad Isa;Rehman, Jalil ur;Afzal, Muhammad;Chow, James C.L.
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제54권10호
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    • pp.3816-3823
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    • 2022
  • This work analyzed the dosimetric difference between the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), partial/single/double-arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (PA/SA/DA-VMAT) techniques in treatment planning for treating more than one target of lung cancer at different isocenters. IMRT and VMAT plans at different isocenters were created systematically using a Harold heterogeneous lung phantom. The conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), gradient index (GI), dose-volume histogram and mean and maximum dose of the PTV were calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the dose-volume histogram and mean and maximum doses of the OARs such as right lung, contralateral lung and non GTV were determined from the plans. The IMRT plans showed the superior target dose coverage, higher mean and maximum values than other VMAT techniques. PA-VMAT technique shows more lung sparing and DA-VMAT increases the V5/10/20 values of contralateral lung than other VMAT and IMRT techniques. The IMRT technique achieves highly conformal dose distribution to the target than other VMAT techniques. Comparing to the IMRT plans, the higher V5/10/20 and mean lung dose were observed in the contralateral lung in the DA-VMAT.

제 1상 임상시험에서 용량 감량을 허용하는 MTD 추정법 (Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation with Dose De-Escalation Design in a Phase I Clinical Trials)

  • 장은아;김동재
    • 응용통계연구
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    • 제27권7호
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    • pp.1115-1123
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    • 2014
  • 제 1상 임상시험의 주목적은 시험약의 독성을 평가하여 부작용을 최소화하고 안전하게 투여할 수 있는 적정 용량인 최대허용용량(Maximum Tolerated Dose; MTD)의 추정이다. 기존에 최대허용용량 추정 방법에는 SM방법(Storer, 1989; Korn 등, 1994), ATD방법(Simon 등, 1997) 그리고 DM방법(Dixon과 Mood, 1948) 등이 있다. 본 논문에서는 초기 가속 단계를 적용하여 약효가 없는 낮은 용량에 많은 피험자들이 배정되는 점을 보완하고, 이 초기 가속 단계로 빠르게 용량을 증가함으로 인해 떨어진 안전성을 개선하기 위해 용량감량을 허용하는 방법을 적용시켜 MTD 를 추정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 기존의 방법들과 본 논문에서 제안한 방법을 모의실험을 통해 비교하였다.

제1상 임상시험에서 Stopping Rule을 이용한 두 단계 MTD 추정법 (Two-Stage Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule in a Phase I Clinical Trial)

  • 이나미;김동재
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.57-64
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    • 2012
  • 제 1상 임상시험에서 주목표는 부작용이 발생하지 않고 피험자가 견딜 수 있는 한도 내에서 최대 용량인 최대허용용량(Maximum Tolerated Dose; MTD)을 결정하는 것이다. 최대허용용량을 결정하는 방법에는 SM방법, CRM방법 등이 있는데 본 논문에서는 기존의 Stopping rule을 변형한 두 단계 MTD 추정방법을 제안하였다. 기존의 방법들을 본 논문에서 제안한 방법과 모의실험을 통하여 비교하였다.

제 1상 임상시험에서 Biased Coin Design과 멈춤규칙을 이용한 MTD 추정법 (Maximum tolerated dose estimation by Biased coin design and stopping rule in Phase I clinical trial)

  • 전소영;김동재
    • 응용통계연구
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.137-145
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    • 2020
  • '투약용량 발견 시험(Dose Finding Study)'라고도 불리는 제 1상 임상시험은 동물 실험 혹은 시험관 실험을 통하여 개발된 신약물질을 사람에게 실시하는 첫 단계이다. 제1상 임상시험의 가장 주요한 목적은 환자에게 허용할 수 있고 최대의 효능을 가진 복용량을 결정하는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 이를 고려하여 최대허용용량(MTD)를 결정할 수 있는 적절한 추정방법을 제안하였다. 이 방법은 Biased coin design과 멈춤규칙을 이용하여 MTD를 추정한다. 제안하는 방법은 모의실험을 통해 기존의 방법들과 비교하였다.