• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1383-1389
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• 2004

The nutritive value and utilization of whole crop rice silage (WCRS), Hamasari, at yellow mature stage was determined by three studies. In first study, chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) content of WCRS was determined by Holstein steers. WCRS contains 6.23% CP, its digestibility is 48.4% and estimated TDN is 56.4%. Its ME content was 1.91 Mcal/kg DM. Gross energy (GE) retention (% of GE intake) in steers is only 22.7% most of which was lost through feces (44.7% of GE intake). It takes 81 minutes to chew a kg of WCRS by steers. In another study, the effect of Hamasari at yellow mature stage at three stages of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) and two levels of concentrate (40 or 60%) on voluntary intake, ME content and ME intake, milk yield and composition using lactating Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Total intake increased with the concentrate level in early and mid lactation, but was similar irrespective of concentrate level in late lactation. WCRS intake was higher with 40% concentrate level than with 60% concentrate. ME intake by cows increased with the concentrate level and WCRS in early lactating cows with 40% concentrate can support only 90% of the ME requirement. Milk production in accordance with ME intake increased with the increase in concentrate level in early and mid lactating cows but was similar in late lactating cows irrespective of concentrate level. Fat and protein percent of milk in mid and late lactating cows were higher with for 60% concentrate than 40%, but reverse was in early lactating cows. Solids-not-fat was higher with for 60% concentrate than 40% concentrate. Finally in situ degradability of botanical fractions such as leaf, stem, head and whole WCRS, Hamasari at yellow mature stage was incubated from 0 to 96 h in Holstein steers to determine DM and N degradability characteristics of botanical fractions and whole WCRS. Both DM and N solubility, rate of degradation and effective degradability of leaf of silage was lower, but slowly degradable fraction was higher compared to stem and head. Solubility of DM and N of stem was higher than other fractions. The 48 h degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation of leaf were always lower than stem or head. In conclusion, voluntary intake of silage ranged from 5 to 12 kg/d and was higher with low levels of concentrate, but milk yield was higher with high levels of concentrate. Fat corrected milk yield ranged from 19 to 37 kg per day. For consistency of milk, early lactating cows should not be allowed more than 40% whole crop rice silage in the diet, but late lactating cows may be allowed 60% whole crop rice silage.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1985

수유 기간의 경과에 따른 인유의 트리글리세리드조성의 변화를 자유 섭취하는 수유부들로부터 분만 후 70일까지 채취한 인유 69시료에 대하여 가스 크로마토그래피와 TLC-FID 법 등을 사용하여 살펴 보았다. 트리글리세리드의 포화 지방산 중에서 유선의 alveolar cell에서 합성되는 지방산들(8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0)은 수유 기간이 경과함에 따라 점차 유의하게 증가하였다. 혈액으로부터 유래되는 포화 지방산들 중 16:0, 22:0, 24:0 등의 지방산들은 초유에서 유의하게 높았다. 18:2w6과 18:3w3은 수유 기간이 경과함에 따라 증가한 반면 18:1w9와 w6 및 w3계의 장쇄 고도 불포화 지방산의 대사 산물들은 유의하게 감소하여 갔다. 트리글리세리드의 아실 탄소수의 범위는 30-60으로서 주요 글리세리드는 아실탄소수 44-52개를 가진 것이었는데 수유 기간의 경과에 따라 탄소수 46이하일 때는 유의한 증가의 경향을 띄었고, 50 이상일 때는 감소의 경향을 나타내었다. 트리글리세리드의 종 중에서 saturates는 수유기간이 경과함에 따라 유의한 증가치를 보인 반면 dienes는 감소의 양상을 띄었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

The importance of milk for the growth and health of a newborn offspring is well known. Milkcontains immunoglobulin G (Ig G), Ig A, lactoperoxidase, lactoferin, cytokines, and growth factors.Osteopontin, one of the multifunctional proteins, is secreted by macrophages, T cel, and epithelial cells.bovine milk have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to observe the expression of osteopontin,in bovine milk during the lactation period or bovine mamary glands..Western blot analysis detected thatosteopontin was expressed in bovine milk whey and mamary glands. The expression level of osteopontinin colostrum whey was higher than those in early milk and mature milk whey. Immunohistochemistryshowed that osteopontin was detected in the glandular epithelium and epithelial cels of intralobular ductof mamary glands. These findings suggest that osteopontin transiently shows high expression in colostrumand plays a potential role in the immunological development of breast-fed calves.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 1994

We use a variety of methods to determine the optimum time for havesting corn for silage. In addition, adequate dry matter for silage must be considered along with maturity stage. The objective of this study was to evaluate using the kernel milk line to determine when to harvest com for silage in 1992 on the Livestock Experimental F m , Keiymung Junior College at Keongsan, Keongsangbukdo. Four hybrids were field grown and com plants were harvested at various stages of kernel development so that kemel milk line movement could be analyzed whilc the corn was in the premature stages. As the plants approached maturity, the ears were collected from each of the hybrids and the position of the milk line wa5 noted. Then the whole plants were chopped and the content of DM was determined. The milk line was a readily identifiable feature of maturing com kemels. We focused on the five development \tage\. The fint was "soft dough". The second was "dent". The third wa, "75% milk". and the fourth wa5 "half milk". The half milk occurs when the milk line is positioned falf way down the kemel face. and the final stages win "no milk", milk disappearance as indicators of physiological maturity in maix. Milk free stage of the kemel occurred from I to 3 days prior to black layer having developed. The range for harvesting com for silage occurs a kemels mature from 75% milk to no milk. Position of milk line was easy to see. and can be used as a visible indicator to determine com matunty stage\ and whole plant dry matter. Whole plant dry matter increased with advancing maturity. averaged over hybrids it was 24.1, 25.6. 28.5. 34.6 and 39.0% at soft dough, dent, 75% milk. half milk and no milk. Milk line was more usehl indicator in monitoring corn maturity prior to physiological maturity.ing corn maturity prior to physiological maturity.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.73-76
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• 1988

영아의 생체내에서 중요한 작용을 하는 taurine이 모유중에서 어떠한 함량변화를 보이고 있는지를 알아보고자 서울에 거주하는 수유부의 모유중 초유 9건, 30일 경과한 모유 22건의 시료를 수집하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. Taurine 함량은 초유에서는 424n mole/ml(S. D. 120.2, n=9)(범위 $267.7{\sim}597.7n\;mole$, 성숙유에서는 297.4 mole/ml (S. D. 95.1, n=22) (범위 $166.2{\sim}493.9n\;mole$로서 나타났으며, 분만시일이 경과함에 따라 유의하게 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2011

본 연구는 반추위 cannula를 장착한 거세한우 4두(평균체중 600 ${\pm}$ 48.4 kg)를 공시하여 수확시기별(유숙기, 호숙기, 황숙기 및 완숙기) 총체벼 사일리지의 급여가 한우 반추위 발효패턴 및 혈액대사물질 변화에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하여 총체벼 가축사료화를 위해 최적의 수확기를 제시코자 실시하였다. 시간대별 채취한 반추위 소화액의 평균 pH는 처리구 간 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 일일 반추위 pH 패턴에서 완숙기 처리구의 최저 pH가 유숙기, 호숙기 및 황숙기 처리구(2~4 h) 보다 늦은 사료섭취 후 6 h에 나타난 것으로 볼 때, 완숙기 총체벼 사일리지 급여 시 반추위 내 retention time이 증가했을 것으로 생각된다. 수확시기별 총체벼 사일리지 급여에 따른 반추위액 암모니아태 질소 농도에 통계적인 유의성을 나타나지 않았지만 (p>0.05), 황숙기에 비해 유숙기 처리구에서 반추위액 암모니아태 질소 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다(p=0.11). 혈액대사물질 분석에서는 유숙기 처리구에 비해 황숙기 총체벼 사일리지 급여 시BUN 농도가 수치적으로 감소되었다. 이것은 유숙기의 낮은 반추위 암모니아태 질소 농도를 고려할 때, 반추위 내 암모니아의 하부소화기관으로 유입 여부에 따라 반추위내 암모니아태 질소와 BUN 농도는 비례되지 않음을 의미한다. 완숙기 처리구에 비해서 호숙기의 낮은 혈중 albumin농도(p=0.03)는 호숙기 총체벼 사일리지 섭취 시 체내 단백질 합성이 높아짐이 예상되나, 향후 생체 영양소 이용 기전에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 총체벼 수확시기에 따른 한우의 반추위 발효패턴 및 혈액대사 차이는 크게 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구결과 및 기존 사료가치평가를 종합해 볼 때, 한우 생체 사료가치가 가장 우수한 황숙기 총체벼 사일리지의 이용이 가장 적절할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 1994

The concentrations of the immunological substances in breast milk and nutritional status were studied in healthy Korean women of middle socioeconomic class. The subjects were recruited at random from obstetric clinics in Seoul. The nutrients intake, prepregnancy BMI, maternal weight gain during pregnancy were studied. The concentrations of lactoferrin(LF), lysozyme(LZ), sIgA, IgG and C3 in colostrum, in transitional milk, and in mature milk, were measured. To elucidate the effect of nutritional status on immunological substances, each components was compared on the basis of either BMI, weight gain, or protein intake. The highest concentrations of the substances were found in colostrum and decreased as lactation progressed. The decline was more prominent in IgG, C3 and sIgA, and less significant in LZ and LF. The colostrum of standard weight gain group showed higher concentrations compared to lower weight gain group. This difference became smaller as the lactation progresses. BMI and nutrient intake status had less significant effect. Lower sIgA was found in lower BMI, in lower weight gain, and lower protein intake groups compared to standard groups, which indicates sIgA is the most affected substance among the measured by nutritional status.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1985

인유, 조제 분유 및 시유의 트리글리세리드의 구조를 비교하기 위하여 트리글리세리드의 지방산 조성, 아실 탄소수 및 종을 박충 크로마토그래피 및 가스 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 분석하였다. 인유에서는 단쇄 지방산이 검출되지 않은 반면 조세 분유와 시유에서는 1% 미만의 수준들로 검출되었다. 인유에 비하여 조세 분유는 8 : 0, 22 : 0, 24 : 0 등이 유의하게 높은 반면 10 : 0, 14 : 0 등의 지방산들은 유의하게 낮았다. 시유는 인유에 비하여 8 : 0, 10 : 0, 18 : 0, 22 : 0, 24 : 0 등이 유의하게 높았고 12 : 0, 20 : 0 등이 유의하게 낮았다. $18 : 2{\omega}6$은 인유가 12.0%, 조제 분유가 15.0%로 서로 비슷한 반면 시유는 3.8%로 가장 낮았다. 탄소수 20개 이상의 ${\omega}6$계 및 ${\omega}3$계 장쇄 고도 불포화 지방산들은 인유에 비하여 조제 분유와 시유에서 유의하게 낮았다. 인유는 아실 탄소수 44-52, 조제 분유는 50-54, 시유는 36-40 을 가진 글리세드가 주종을 이루고 있었다. 조제 분유에서는 아실 탄소수 50과 52, 시유에서는 42만 제외하고 나머지의 탄소수들은 인유의 그것들과 모두 유의한 차이를 보였다. 조제 분유의 saturates 는 인유의 그것에 비하여 2 배 가량 높았을 뿐 기타 종에서는 모두 유의하게 낮았다. 시유에서도 dienes를 제외한 모든 종에서 조제 분유에서와 동일한 경향이 나타났다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.459-465
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• 2015

Bovine milk provides essential nutrients, including immunologically important molecules, as the primary source of nutrition to newborns. Recent studies showed that RNAs from bovine milk contain immune-related microRNAs (miRNA) that regulate various immune systems. To evaluate the biological and immunological activity of miRNAs from milk products, isolation methods need to be established. Six methods for extracting total RNAs from bovine colostrums were adopted to evaluate the isolating efficiency and expression of miRNAs. Total RNA from milk was presented in formulation of small RNAs, rather than ribosomal RNAs. Column-combined phenol isolating methods showed high recovery of total RNAs, especially the commercial columns for biofluid samples, which demonstrated outstanding efficiency for recovering miRNAs. We also evaluated the quantity of five immune-related miRNAs (miR-93, miR-106a, miR-155, miR-181a, miR-451) in milk processed by temperature treatments including low temperature for long time (LTLT, 63℃ for 30 min)-, high temperature for short time (HTST, 75℃ for 15 s)-, and ultra heat treatment (UHT, 120-130℃ for 0.5-4 s). All targeted miRNAs had significantly reduced levels in processed milks compared to colostrum and raw mature milk. Interestingly, the amount of immune-related miRNAs from HTST milk was more resistant than those of LTLT and UHT milks. Our present study examined defined methods of RNA isolation and quantification of immune-specific miRNAs from small volumes of milk for use in further analysis.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2005

Breast milk is general term for crude milk and mature that is secrete after two-three days of delivery. Because amount of milk secretion is different, disorder of milk secretion is to be classified into galactostasis and spontanous flow of milk. According to this point, we considered thirty four papers and got the conclusion about the concept, cause, therapeutic method and medication of secreation disorder. Therefore we report the result. galactostasis due to deficiency of the qi and blood, depression of liver qi, blood stasis of postpartum, excessiveness and so on. If the qi and blood is deficient, therapeutic method is enriching qi and benefiting blood, if the liver qi is deprssive, treatment is relieving the deprssive liver and regulating the circulation of qi. The milk is flowing spontanously and continously due to a prosperous condition of qi and blood, too deficiency of the qi and blood, depression of liver qi and so on. If the qi and blood is deficient, therapeutic method is tonifying and arresting the qi and blood, if Liver channel is stagnated fire, puring the liver of pathologic fire, relieving the deprssive liver and regulating the circulation of qi. Clinical study for the 1 case of the recurrent cervical cancer patient.