• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.575-580
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• 2011

The cultivation of once-over harvest pepper cultivars might be very valuable to Korean farmers who still depend on traditional hand-harvesting method. Thus, we conducted this experiment to obtain important information for enhancing the productivity of once-over harvest red pepper fruits by supplying several nutrient-controlling and growth-regulating chemicals, such as $KH_2PO_4$, $SiO_2$ and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon). Adequate fertilization was provided in each treatment plots. In this study, two once-over harvest pepper cultivars, Saengryeg No. 211 and 213 (SR 211 and SR 213), and one regular piecemeal harvest pepper cultivar, Kangryegdaetong (KRDT), were cultivated to evaluate the productivity of pepper fruit as affected by above chemicals. The distribution of macro- and micro-nutrients in pepper fruits among the cultivars were different in term of N, B, Cu, and Fe concentrations. In particular, the concentration of B in SR 213 was about 2 times higher than that in SR 211 and KRDT. However, overall red pepper productivity of SR 211 was markedly higher ($2.91{\sim}3.38Mg\;ha^{-1}$) than that ($1.68{\sim}2.37Mg\;ha^{-1}$) of SR 213. Also, the productivity of matured red pepper was significantly influenced by the treatments of $KH_{2}PO_{4}$, $SiO_2$ and ethephon. The yield indices for matured red pepper fruits were the highest with the treatment of $KH_2PO_4$ or $SiO_2$ with ethephon, which were 113~116% for SR 211 and 147~150% for SR 213. Thus, the applications of $KH_2PO_4$ or $SiO_2$ with ethephon would be suggested to enhance the productivity of matured red pepper fruit.

• Forest Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.160-168
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• 2018

The seeds of Elaeocarpus serratus, a tropical underutilized fruit tree are characterized by hard seed coat and consequent poor water uptake and low germination. To improve the regeneration through seeds, various parameters such as viability of seeds, water uptake, and effect of seed mass on germination and pretreatments were performed using a completely randomized design (CRD). Tetrazolium (TZ) test was conducted using fresh, mature seeds revealed $50{\pm}2.56%$ mean viability. Seeds of different weight classes showed similar pattern of water uptake and the saturation level was achieved at 60 hrs of soaking. Seeds belong to weight class 2.6-3.5g were germinated ($12.5{\pm}1.26%$) with $175{\pm}1.75days$ (d) of mean time taken for germination (MTG). Germination capacity of seeds varied significantly among different populations and Varkala population gave $12.5{\pm}1.1%$ germination with $174.6{\pm}2.5d$ MTG. Among various seed treatments, mechanical scarification was superior in germination and significant reduction in MTG ($p{\leq}0.05$). The mechanical scarification by complete removal of seed coat resulted in $49.2{\pm}1.52%$ germination within a short period of time ($9.52{\pm}0.89d$ MTG). However, the complete removal of seed coat without damaging to embryo is a difficult task. An alternate treatment (Mechanical scarification II) by making cracks on nut faces vertically followed by soaking in distilled water for 24 hrs gave $48.4{\pm}1.73%$ germination with significantly reduced MTG ($12.14{\pm}0.56d$) over unsoaked, untreated control ($6.5{\pm}1.84%$ germination and $197.18{\pm}1.79d$ MTG; $p{\leq}0.05$). This treatment (Mechanical scarification II) is therefore recommended for E. serratus seeds as it can adopt easily and can achieve 7 fold increases in germination over control. The recorded germination through mechanical scarification is in tune with realized viability percentage of the seeds.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2015

Morphology and characteristics of floral organ in highbush blueberry cultivars were studied to select suitable cultivars of highbush blueberry for domestic cultivation. The stamen consists an anther and a tape-like hairy filament with well-developed trichomes. When the anther was opened, the wall of anther was not dehiscent, and pollen grains were discharged into two tubes. Pollen was mature tetrad type without being separated after meiosis (Late March). The number of pollen granules per anther was 400~1,300, the germination rate was higher in the cultivars having many pollen grains. Pistil was composed of five carpels and a shipper without separate part. The number of ovules per ovary was 39~67, therefore, the coefficient of ranged from 11.6 to 31.0%. The seed pod formation by combination of ‘Bluejay’ and ‘Sharpblue’ was higher in the cross-pollination than in the self-pollination.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.184-187
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• 2008

A new early maturing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) 'Haryejosaeng' was developed as a nucellar seedling selection of 'Tachima Wase' (C. unshiu Marc.) that was crossed with C. natsudaidai Hayata at the National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture in Jeju island in 1992. The 'Jegam ga No. 2', a first selection from the seedlings fruited in 2001 was finally named "Haryejosaeng" through field evaluation trials at three locations in Jeju island from 2003 to 2004. 'Haryejosaeng' produces seedless fruit maturing in early November, and has higher soluble solids and lower acidity than 'Miyagawa Wase', the leading early-maturing satsuma mandarin cultivar in Jeju island. Fruit weight is moderate at about 80~90 g and its shape is compressed-oblate globose with a light orange color. The rind thickness of about 2 mm provides easy peeling. The flesh shows light orange colored and contains 10 to 11 Brix and 1 to 1.1% acidity when mature. Tree shows vigorous growth and spreading thornless twigs. Alternate bearing is similar to 'Miyagawa Wase'. 'Haryejosaeng' is susceptible to citrus scab disease and melanose, but resistant to citrus canker.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.272-282
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• 2022

The essential oil extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai (Yu. Tanaka) Hayata peels is known to have various biological properties. However, the chemical composition of essential oil is influenced by the ripening stages of fruits, which then affects related biological activities. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from Citrus × natsudaidai peels at different ripening stages (immature, mature, and overripe). The essential oils were extracted using the hydro-distillation method. As a result of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, d-limonene was dominant and was increased as matured. However, 𝛄-terpinene was decreased. The antioxidant properties and their total phenolic content (TPC) were influenced by the ripening stages. The TPC was highest in the immature stage of essential oil (1,011.25 ± 57.15 mg GAE/100 g). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was excellent in the immature stage (EC₅₀ = 15.91 ± 0.38 mg/mL). 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was superior in overripe stage (EC₅₀ = 20.43 ± 0.37 mg/mL). The antioxidant activity measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed higher values for the essential oils in immaturity (1,342.37 ± 71.07 mg Fe²⁺/100 g). Comprehensively, the essential oil in the immature stage showed the best antioxidant activity. Finally, knowing the chemical composition and antioxidant activity at different ripening stages will provide data for selecting the right fruit.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 1984

The peanut, unlike other plants, has three distinct steps in the reproductive process. These are the flowers, the peg and the fruit. This research was designed in the field to determine the difference of fruiting habit for each of plant types of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in peanut culture limiting region. Eight cultivars representing four plant types, i.e., Virginia, Spanish, Valencia and Shinpung types. Number of pegs per plant produced in order of Spanish, Valencia, Virginia, Shinpung, Virginia type. The Virginia small seed type produced the most pods per plant. The shinpung type showed more percentage of matured pod than other types and early pot-set habit. Distribution of mature pods for each of branch positions to total mature pods occupied 63% on two cotyledonary branchs, 34% on 3rd to 5th branchs, 3% on over 6th branchs. Shinpung type was considered more favorable plant type than other types for breeding of early maturing high yielding variety because of early pot-set and high percentage of mature pod.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 1963

The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. In both years of 1960 and 1961, the flowering times, fading times of flowers, mature times of fruits of 63 chestnut varieties grown at Choosan area, Chon Nam, have been investigated. Almost the ages of trees were 26-year-old and they are growing on the brown forest soil well drained with relatively thick surface soil. 2. Non-significant difference in flowering time by the varieties has been found between the years. The carliests in floweing time are Toyotama-wase, The isho-wase, Asami-wase, Umehira-wase, i.e., bloomed on May, 22, or a little later. 3. The fading dates of flowers of each varieties almost linearly correlated to the flowering date. The blooming period of each varieties was about 10 to 12 days. 4. Linear correlation between mature time and blooming time are observed, i.e., the earlier the blooming time comes, the earlier is the mature time of chestnut fruit. 5. The varieties having the smallest sized seed, are Otomune and Boji-kuri, however, those having the large one, are Ho-gin, Katayama, Ohara-wase.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2013

Citrus fruit contain various flavonoids that have multiple biological activities. However, the content of these flavonoids are changed during maturation and immature Citrus is known to contain larger amounts than mature. Chemokines are significant mediators for cell migration, while thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) are well known as the typical inflammatory chemokines in atopic dermatitis (AD), a pruritic and chronic inflammatory skin disease. We reported recently that the EtOH extract of immature Citrus unshiu inhibits TARC and MDC production. Therefore, we investigated the activity of flavonoids contained in immature Citrus on TARC and MDC levels. As a result, among the various flavonoids, quercetagetin has stronger inhibitory effects on the protein and mRNA expression of TARC and MDC than other flavonoids. Quercetagetin particularly has better activity on TARC and MDC level than quercetin. In HPLC analysis, the standard peak of quercetagetin matches the peaks of extract of immature C. unshiu. This suggests that quercetagetin is an anti-inflammatory component in immature C. unshiu.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.92.1-92
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• 2003

In order to develop an effective spray program for control of apple white rot with reduced use of fungicides, the control efficacy of several fungicides that has been intensively used for control of the disease was assessed. They were sprayed on the same tree with 15 day interval from late May to early August. Just prior to and after each spray, 100 fruits were bagged with two layered fruit bag to limit the chemical application in only one time, and the disease incidence and latent infection frequency on the bagged apples were examined. Some fungicides such as folpet, iminoctadine-triacetate and azoxystrobin showed a high post-infectional activity even though the former two are non- systemic. Folpet suppressed symptom development, iminoctadine-triacetate reduced infection frequency and azoxystrobin acted in both ways. When those fungicides were ！！ adopted in a spray program, once in a cropping season, their post-infectional activity became much greater. This activity shown by the non-systemic fungicides was supposed to be derived from the peculiar infection process of the white rot fungus of which the pathogen is usually remain latent in the corked cells of lenticel until the apple reach mature stage.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-20
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• 1999

'Jinmi' was released by National Horticultural Research Institute in 1998 as a white-fleshed, mid- to late-maturing, and clingstone peach variety, which originated from the crossing of 'Hakuho' and 'Nunomewase' in 1982. The selection was tested for regional adaptability as 'Wonkyo Da-09' at 5 areas for 4 years from 1995. Fruits mature 5 to 7 days before 'Yumyeong' and have high sugar content, above $13.0^oBx$.