• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-63
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• 2010

Public expenditures on long-term care are a matter of concern for Korea as in many other countries. The expenditure is expected to accelerate and to put pressure on public budgets, adding to that arising from insufficient retirement schemes and other forms of social spending. This study tried to foresee how much health care spending could increase in the future considering demographic and non-demographic factors as the drivers of expenditure. Previous projections of future long-term expenditure were mainly based on a given relation between spending and age structure. However, although demographic factors will surely put upward pressure on long-term care costs, other non-demographic factors, such as labor cost increase and availability of informal care, should be taken into account as well. Also, the possibility of dynamic link between health status and longevity gains needs to be considered. The model in this study is cell-base and consists of three main parts. The first part estimated the numbers of elderly people with different levels of health status by age group, gender, household type. The second part estimated the levels of long-term care services required, by attaching a probability of receiving long-term care services to each cell using from the sample from current year. The third part of the model estimated long-term care expenditure, along the demographic and non-demographic factors' change in various scenarios. Public spending on long-term care could rise from the current level of 0.2~0.3% of GDP to around 0.44~2.30% by 2040.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2024

Background: Nitrous oxide has been an integral part of surgical anesthesia for many years in the developed world and is still used in developing countries such as India. The other main concerns in low-resource countries are the lack of an advanced anesthesia gas-scavenging system and modular surgical theatres. As a greenhouse gas that has been present in the atmosphere for more than 100 years and damages the ozone layer, nitrous oxide is three times worse than sevoflurane. Here, we conducted an observational study to quantify the annual nitrous oxide consumption and its environmental impact in terms of carbon dioxide equivalence in one of busiest tertiary health care and research centers in Northern India. Methods: Data related to nitrous oxide expenditure' from the operation theatre and manifold complex of our tertiary care hospital and research center from 2018 to 2021 were collected monthly and analyzed. The outcomes were extracted from our observational study, which was approved by our institutional ethics board (INT/IEC/2017/1372 Dated 25.11.2017) and registered prospectively under the Central Registry (CTRI/2018/07/014745 Dated 05.07.2018). Results: The annual nitrous oxide consumption in our tertiary care hospital was 22,081.00, 22,904.00, 17,456.00, and 18,392.00 m³ (cubic meters) in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. This indicates that the environmental impact of nitrous oxide (in terms of CO₂ equivalents) from our hospital in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 was 13,016.64, 13,287.82, 10,289.94, and 10,841.24 tons, respectively. Conclusion: This huge amount of nitrous oxide splurge is no longer a matter of laughter, and serious efforts should be made at every central and peripheral health center level to reduce it.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.51-56
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• 1996

This research was an attempt to restructure the curriculum of pediatric clinical education on the base of the analysis of the pediatric clnical experience of nursing students acquired according to the traditional hospital-based pediatric clinical education and the evaluation of its results. As the focus of health care changes, pediatric clinical education the future necessitates changes in the traditional clinical experince at all levels. The traditional concentration of clinical experience within an acute care setting must be restructured to include the expanding future roles of the nurse and the changes in the health care structure. In order to meet the need for restructuring, it is inevitably necessary to adopt an organizational design for pediatric clinical experience that is not all traditional. The additional experiences and variety of settings will enhance the quality of pediatric clinical experience. And as a matter of course this organizational change will enhance the student learning experience by giving them the opportunity to observe normal growth and development, preventive health care measures, and the role of the nurse outside the acute care setting. As the nursing's focus changes to meet the challenges of the future the faculty must apply themselves to these changes to prepare students for the future. Students must be ready to fill the many roles that nurses will hold in the future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.68-79
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the mass and social media contents and structures related to particulate matter before and after the policy enforcement of the comprehensive countermeasures for particulate matter, derive nursing implications, and provide a basis for designing health policies. Methods: After crawling online news articles and posts on social networking sites before and after policy enforcement with particulate matter as keywords, we conducted topic and semantic network analysis using TEXTOM, R, and UCINET 6. Results: In topic analysis, behavior tips was the common main topic in both media before and after the policy enforcement. After the policy enforcement, influence on health disappeared from the main topics due to increased reports about reduction measures and government in mass media, whereas influence on health appeared as the main topic in social media. However semantic network analysis confirmed that social media had much number of nodes and links and lower centrality than mass media, leaving substantial information that was not organically connected and unstructured. Conclusion: Understanding of particulate matter policy and implications influence health, as well as gaps in the needs and use of health information, should be integrated with leadership and supports in the nurses' care of vulnerable patients and public health promotion.

• Journal of odor and indoor environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.337-345
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• 2018

In this study, we measured the concentration of Particulate Matter($PM_{10}$), Formaldehyde(HCHO), and Total Bacteria Count (TBC) at two facilities: day care centers, and postnatal care centers located in the cities of Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Jeolla and Gyeongsang from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015. $PM_{10}$ concentration was similar to the day care centers and postnatal care centers. HCHO concentration was the highest in the postnatal care centers. TBC concentration was the highest in the day care centers. Comparing the different cities, $PM_{10}$ concentration was the highest in Gyeonggi, HCHO concentration was the highest in Gyeonggi, and TBC concentration was the highest in Gyeonggi. As a result of HCHO's risk assessment, it was found that adults exceeded the carcinogenicity tolerance of $10^{-6}$ specified by the US EPA. This study is expected to be helpful in preventing damage to health from the contaminated indoor air at sensitive facilities, and can be used as basic data for indoor air quality management.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 2023

This study attempted to identify the ethical principles of nurses who realized care in the war field with a nurse's unique professional spirit, and to explore a more specialized and subdivided concept of ethical nursing in the future. War has occurred frequently in history, and the outcome has always been tragic. There are always different opinions about what it means to discuss the ethics of these wars. Despite these controversies, the ethics of nursing, which always takes care of the sick at the scene of war, is interpreted regardless of war. The ethical spirit of nursing is to respect life and take care of those who need help. Whether the person asking for help is a soldier or a civilian, it doesn't matter where it is or what the purpose of the war is. Nursing practiced nursing based on the principle of bioethics for all, even in war scenes where there was no ethical reference point. This study explains that it is necessary to inherit the spirit of nursing, which practiced ethical care even in such cruel scenes of the past, and to protect the ethical fundamental spirit of nursing even in the changing environment in the future society.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.2 no.2 s.2
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• pp.12-22
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present various ways for women to prevent and remedy the climacteric symptoms and to increase the health and quality of life of the women. The reason of this study focuses on this matter is that the conditions of climacteric era is connecter into the health of golden age. After examining the symptoms of the period, the researcher went over the foot heal care even recognized to the public. When the study considered the foot care as a medical service for the climacteric women, the method was expected as a way to improve the symptoms related to the climacteric diseases. This effect is also supported by the results of the clinical experiment and book media materials concerned. The main symptoms of climacteric period such as insomnia, irregular menstruation, stomach chill, stress were able to be decreased by feet bathing, and massage therapy on feet could also decrease pain of arms and legs, menstruation, headache and insomnia. The foot reflexology therapy made strengthen the periphery nerve, capillary vessels, and immune system, and increased the elasticity of blood vessels and the speed of the blood corpuscle, so they could enable to the blood circulation. The study expects the foot care to be positively method for climacteric symptoms with regular breathing, muscle relaxing exercise, acupuncture, exercise and alimentotherapy. The foot care doesn't have any side effects and could ives up to the modern people who want to keep their health and live long.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.39-46
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• 2003

There are three main purposes in this study. First, we project the number of elderly dementia population in the future based on the projection of the elderly population in the Kyungpook area. Second, the demands of home-based care service and facility-based care for the elderly dementia are estimated. Thirdly, some policy implications for the improvement of welfare services for the elderly dementia are addressed. The findings of this study are as follows. Considering the size of the elderly dementia population, facilities for the elderly dementia are extremely insufficient and most of the elderly dementia patients rely heavily on home-based care. Although we expect that there will be a rapid increase in the number of the elderly dementia in the next two decades, the social welfare services for them in the future are very unreliable. Home nursing for the demented elderly needs to be recognized by law and financed by the government. In this context, we address some issues regarding the rapid growth of the elderly dementia population in the future and social welfare services for them as well. Finally we suggest some policy implications regarding this matter.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-206
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• 2019

This article seeks to explore new relationships and ethics of human and technology by analyzing a cultural imaginary produced by artificial intelligence. Drawing on theoretical reflections of the Feminist Scientific and Technological Studies which understand science and technology as the matter of care(Puig de la Bellacas, 2011), this paper focuses on the fact that artificial intelligence and robots materialize cultural imaginary such as autonomy. This autonomy, defined as the capacity to adapt to a new environment through self-learning, is accepted as a way to conceptualize an authentic human or an ideal subject. However, this article argues that artificial intelligence is mediated by and dependent on invisible human labor and complex material devices, suggesting that such autonomy is close to fiction. The recent growth of the so-called 'assistant technology' shows that it is differentially visualizing the care work of both machines and humans. Technology and its cultural imaginary hide the care work of human workers and actively visualize the one of the machine. And they make autonomy and agency ideal humanness, leaving disabled bodies and dependency as unworthy. Artificial intelligence and its cultural imaginary negate the value of disabled bodies while idealizing abled-bodies, and result in eliminating the real relationship between man and technology as mutually dependent beings. In conclusion, the author argues that the technology we need is not the one to exclude the non-typical bodies and care work of others, but the one to include them as they are. This technology responsibly empathizes marginalized beings and encourages solidarity between fragile beings. Inspired by an art performance of artist Sue Austin, the author finally comes up with and suggests 'artificial intelligence in wheelchair' as an alternative figuration for the currently dominant 'autonomous artificial intelligence'.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.647-658
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• 2022

Particulate matter (PM) is known to be involved in the onset and progression of various diseases by promoting oxidative and inflammatory reactions as air pollutants containing various small particles that are harmful. In this study, the protective efficacy of herbal medicines was evaluated in human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs) to select natural products that can protect the eye, the primary organ directly exposed to external pollutants from PM. As a result, five candid ate herbal medicines [Cheonmundong, Asparagus Rhizome; Seokchangpo, Aciru Gramineri Rhizoma; Hwangryeon, Coptidis Rhizoma; Gamgug, Chrysanthemi Indici Flos; and Geumjanhwa (Marigold flower petals)] which showed inhibitory efficacy on PM_2.5-induced cytotoxicity, were selected from among 12 candidate herbal medicines. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of these candidate substances, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability was investigated, and it was found that the extracts of Seokchangpo, Cheonmundong and Hwangryeon showed a significant inhibitory effect on PM_2.5-induced ROS production, which was correlated with the preservation of mitochondrial activity. In addition, it was confirmed that they could block DNA damage caused by PM_2.5 through analysis of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine generation and phosphorylated-H2A histone family member X (γ- H2AX) expression. Furthermore, the increase in inflammasome activity and inflammatory response in PM_2.5-treated hCECs was also canceled in the presence of these extracts. Although additional studies are needed, the results of this study will be used as primary data to find novel natural compounds that protect hCECs from PM.