• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.109-126
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of price-attitude toward apparel products on shopping values and consumption behavior. The study was carried out in Deagu and Kyungbook area. Applying the convenience sampling, total 326 questionnaire were collected from university students who were randomly selected as participants. This study used frequency, factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, and t-test for data analysis. The finding are as follows. Price-attitude toward apparel products was categorized into information leading, price dignity, price discount, list price orientation, quality value and using coupons. Shopping tendency factors were found as pursuit of pleasure, pursuit of sociality, and pursuit of economic feasibility. Consumption behavior factors were categorized into impulsive buying, ostentatious consumption, utilization of internet information, possession of material and brand trust. Price-attitude toward apparel products had a significant effect on shopping values and consumption behavior. University students seemed to consider the value of money to be very important as well as economic feasibility. They utilized information from the internet to buy products with good quality and showed high usage level of coupons. And, university students who buy at a least price tried to show dignity with expensive brand products and they consider those brands express self-confidence.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.409-417
• /
• 2020

Background: It is well known that the distribution of therapeutic materials is very complex. However, it is not easy to demonstrate the concrete problems caused by distribution channels empirically. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the price of therapeutic materials according to the type of purchasing agency and the way in which medical institutions purchase therapeutic materials. Methods: This study compared the claimed prices and the maximum allowable prices for the items of therapeutic material used for general spinal surgery. Results: Ilsan Hospital, which purchased directly without a purchasing agent, had the lowest claimed prices, followed by a large professional purchasing agency, a foundation-related purchasing agency, and a general purchasing agency. In addition, the difference between the claimed prices and the maximum allowable prices according to the purchase type was larger in the expensive treatment materials, and in the case of the lower price treatment materials, it tended to converge to the maximum allowable prices. Conclusion: National health insurance spending for therapeutic materials are to be affected by the distribution channels of them. We proposed several ideas to rationalize the expenditure such as classification of therapeutic materials on the basis of price or other criteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.29 no.1 s.139
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find out the wearing conditions and cause of discomfort with shoes for male college students which will provide useful information fur the shoes manufacturer. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 346 male college students on purchasing practices, wearing conditions, and overall satisfaction with shoes. The results were as follows: Male college students have a tendency to have longer buying cycles and buy more expensive shoes compare to high school students. The order of criteria considered fer purchasing was shape, price, style coordination with clothing. The order of criteria considered for purchasing differed according to their major, economic status and purchasing place. Most of them have two pairs of white or black sports shoes and one pair of either black or brown dress shoes. The most popular material was man made leather but college students have more leather shoes than high school students. There were differences between high school students and college students in wearing conditions, how many they have, material and color. The varieties of shoes differed by season. They were satisfied with their shoes' design and color but unsatisfied with qualify or the material and durability of the shoes. Due to the pressure of the shoes, they experienced discomfort such as numbness, blisters on the feet and red skin. They experienced discomfort on the soles of the feet. The causes of discomfort were shape, width, hight of the heel, material and length in order. Dress shoes cause more discomfort than sport shoes due to the hardness of material, and flexibility of the sole. Since the material differed by the price, the degree of discomfort significantly differed by price too.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
• /
• 2011.02a
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2011

As large-scale building projects have recently increased for the residential, commercial and office facilities, construction costs for these projects have become a matter of great concern, due to their significant construction cost implications, as well as unpredictable market conditions and fluctuations in the rate of inflation during the projects' long-term construction periods. In particular, recent volatile fluctuations of construction material prices fueled such problems as cost forecasting. This research develops a time series model using the Box-Jenkins approach and material price time series data in Korea in order to forecast trends in the unit prices of required materials. Building information modeling (BIM) approaches are also used to analyze injection times of construction resources and to conduct quantity take-off so that total material prices can be forecast. To determine an optimal time series model for forecasting price trends, comparative analysis of predictability of tentative autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models is conducted. The proposed BIM-based time series forecasting model can help to deal with sudden changes in economic conditions by estimating material prices that correspond to resource injection times.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.195-200
• /
• 2021

In recent years, Vietnam's economic growth rate has been attributed to the growth of many well-managed industries within Southeast Asia. Among them is the civil construction industry. Construction projects typically take a long time to complete and require a huge budget. Many socio-economic variables and factors affect total construction project costs due to market fluctuations. In recent years, crucial socioeconomic development indicators of construction reached a fairly high growth rate. Also, most infrastructure and construction projects have a high degree of complexity and uncertainty. This makes it challenging to predict the accurate project price. These challenges raise the need to recognize significant factors that influence the construction price index of civil buildings in Vietnam, both micro and macro. Therefore, this paper presents critical factors that affect the construction price index using the fuzzy extent analysis process in an uncertain environment. This proposed quantitative model is expected to reflect the uncertainty in the process of evaluating and ranking the influencing factors of the construction price index in Vietnam. The research results would also allow project stakeholders to be more informed of the factors affecting the construction price index in the context of Vietnam's civil construction industry. They also enable construction contractors to estimate project costs and bid rates better, enhancing their project and risk management performance.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.5 no.6 s.22
• /
• pp.203-211
• /
• 2004

This study is the results to survey on the problems and improvable Policies for current escalation system in construction contracts, through a Delphi survey to experts. From the survey results, it is desirable to decide the fluctuation rate of construction cost, which is the requirement of escalation clause, on the basis of inflation rate or construction cost index. The desirable price fluctuation rate is proposed as a $3\%$ level. However, it is difficult for construction companies to cope with the sudden increase of material price in advance, arising from short-term shock factors such as exchange rate and international raw material's price. Accordingly escalation system for specified materials, as an exceptional mode, should be introduced. As a method to calculate the fluctuation rate, ARCA(adjustment rate for the categories of articles) is more desirable than ARI(adjustment rate for an index), because the ARCA can be more reflected the characteristics of each construction work.To rationalize the ARI method, it is needed to announce the wage index, material index and machinery expense index via detailed classification by construction types. Also, it is desirable to prescribe the bidding date as a starting date of the price change, rather than contact signing date. considering the price change can happen since the biddiilg stage.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.107-120
• /
• 2019

Crude oil is a resource that is being used as a raw material in major industries, representing the price of the raw material market. It is also an important element that affects the shipping market in terms of fuel costs for freight vessels. As a result, crude oil and freight rates are closely related. Therefore, from January 2009 to June 2019, this study analyzed the dependency structure between oil price (WTI) and freight rates (BDI, BCI, BPI, BSI, and BHI) using daily data. The main results are summarized as follows. First, according to the copula results, survival Gumbel copula in WTI-BDI, Clayton copula in WTI-BCI, Survival Joe copula in WTI-BPI, Joe copula in WTI-BSI, and survival Gumbel copula in WTI-BHI were selected as the best-fitted model. Second, looking at Kendall's tau correlation, there is a positive correlation between BDI and oil price. Furthermore, freight rate index (BCI, BPI, BSI) and oil price show positive dependencies. In particular, the strongest dependence was found in BCI and oil price returns. However, BHI and oil price show a negative dependency. Third, looking at the tail-dependency structure, a pair between oil price and BDI, BCI showed a lower tail-dependency. The pair between oil price and BSI showed the upper tail-dependency.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2010

In Korea weapon system acquisition processes, it's required a cost estimation report obtained from a commercial cost model. The PRICE model is generally used as a cost estimation model in Korea. However, the model uses American historical R&D data and it's output cost component is different from our cost component of defense accounting system. Also, we found that estimating results show about 10% of difference when we comparing with actual costs in 44 finished weapon acquisition projects. There are some limitations in calibration to increase an accuracy of the PRICE model because it's difficult obtain good real input data, detailed cost and technical data in low level WBS. So, only 8% of the defense R&D projects are calibrated and validation of calibration results is more difficult. Therefore, we studied the standard calibration process and performed the calibration about the MCPLXS/E parameters of the PRICE model based on actual cost data. In order to obtain a good calculation result, we collected the actual material costs from the defense industry companies. Our results can be used for an reference in similar weapon system R&D and production cost estimation cases.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.148-175
• /
• 2003

As mentioned above, Korean restaurant's menu price is to be decided by combining various factors. Korean restaurant is demanded to decide menu price more carefully than other restaurants do, because the number of Korean restaurant is the largest in Korea and Korean food is the most popular among the Korean people. Korean restaurant cannot neglect price competitiveness and is often given complaints from its customers. Because of such management difficulties, the number of Korean restaurant has recently decreased at special class hotels as well as common hotels. Korean restaurant managers are demanded to make efforts to inherit Korean tradition and culture by keeping pride and responsibility. Until now, Korean restaurants are thought to decide the menu prices in short-sighted, non-scientific and haphazard way of thinking. Such price decision factors have established traditions and have been generally accepted to let Korean restaurant managers lose carefulness at the menu price decision. In advanced countries, however, they recognized the importance of the price decision since the 1960's or earlier to research the menu price systematically and scientifically. Before deciding the menu prices, Korean restaurant managers are demanded to investigate various kinds of factors carefully and spend a lot of time to calculate direct costs, that is, one of the most important factors of cost calculations. The managers are demanded to decide the menu prices in reasonable and future-oriented way by keeping not private thinking but correct information and judgment. The sale of each menu has difference, while the menu price increase has been evaluated to be successful from overall point of view. Despite of increased total sale, there was not much difference of net profit because of increased material costs. However, higher level of the customers produced comfortable and cozy atmosphere of the restaurant enough to satisfy customers, and improved service quality much more. Not only customer satisfaction but also improved service quality is thought to play an important role in invitation of future customers.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.61-76
• /
• 2009

We try to use system dynamics to forecast the demand/supply and price, also transportation fare for iron ore. Iron ore is very important mineral resource for industrial production. The structure for this system dynamics shows non-linear pattern and we anticipated the system dynamic method will catch this non-linear reality better than the regression analysis. Our model is calibrated and tested for the past 6 year monthly data (2003-2008) and used for next 6 year monthly data(2008-2013) forecasting. The test results show that our system dynamics approach fits the real data with higher accuracy than the regression one. And we have run the simulations for scenarios made by possible future changes in demand or supply and fare related variables. This simulations imply some meaningful price and fare change patterns.