• 센서학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 1992

기체와 액체의 유숙을 측정하기 위한 반도체 기술을 이용한 소형의 정온도형 유속센서가 제작되었다. 유속센서는 유속에 영향을 받는 대류 열전달만을 검출하도록 설계되었고, 다른 종류의 열전달과 간섭효과는 기준센서의 사용으로 상쇄되도록 하였다. 원리는 유동에 의한 센서 양단전류의 변화로 유속을 측정하는 것이다. 이 유속센서의 실험은 수돗물로 가는 관(지름 8mm)을 사용하여 수행되었다. 그 결과 센서의 소비전력과 유속의 제곱근 사이의 관계는 유속이 0-200cm/sec 범위에서 거의 선형으로 나타났다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

The characteristic features of solid oxide fuel cells are reviewed from the viewpoint of the thermodynamic variables to be developed inside cells/stacks particularly in terms of gradients of chemical potential, electrical potential and temperature and corresponding flows of air, fuel, electricity and heat. Examples of abrupt destruction of SOFC systems were collected from failures in controlling their steady flows, while continuous degradation was caused by materials behaviors under gradients of chemical potentials during a long operation. The local equilibrium approximation has been adopted in NEDO project on the durability/reliability of SOFC stacks/systems; this makes it possible to examine the thermodynamic stability/reactivity as well as mass transfer under the thermodynamic variable gradients. Major results of the NEDO project are described with a focus on degradation/deterioration of electrolyte and electrode materials.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.243-255
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• 2018

Polystyrene granules were combined with nanosilver to form a nanocomposite film. One-side migration was conducted to test into three food simulants (3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and 95% ethanol) at $40^{\circ}C$ temperature on different period of time (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days). It was found that, among the simulants, the highest migration amount was obtained with 3% acetic acid, while the 95% ethanol revealed the least migration level. Diffusion coefficients of nanosilver particles into simulants were estimated by inverse simulation using experimental data of concentration variation in the simulants. The finite element method used to solve the mass transfer equation and the numerical results indicates the sameresponse with the experimental data. The numerical results confirmed that the highest diffusion coefficient for acetic acid 3% (1.82E-10 to $1.76E-9m^2\;s^{-1}$) and the lowest diffusion coefficient for ethanol 95% from 2 to 10 days were obtained, respectively. Also, results of diffusion coefficient - concentration relation showed, the diffusion coefficient had in direct correlation with time and concentration. The results indicated that, in the 3% acetic acid, due to the increasing of diffusion coefficient of silver nanoparticles, they are released faster and distributed uniformly.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.273-277
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• 2012

The vacuum drying process for drying of paper in current transformers was modeled with an aim to develop an understanding of the drying mechanism involved and also to predict the water collection rates. A molecular as well as macroscopic approach was adopted for the prediction of drying rate. Ficks law of diffusion was adopted for the prediction of drying rates at macroscopic levels. A steady state and dynamic mass transfer simulation was performed. The bulk diffusion coefficient was calculated using weight loss experiments. The accuracy of the solution was a strong function of the relation developed to determine the equilibrium moisture content. The actually observed diffusion constant was also important to predict the plant water removal rate. Thermo gravimetric studies helped in calculating the diffusion constant. In addition, simulation studies revealed the formation of perpetual moisture traps (loops) inside the CT. These loops can only be broken by changing the temperature or pressure of the system. The change in temperature or pressure changes the kinetic or potential energy of the effusing vapor resulting in breaking of the loop. The cycle was developed based on this mechanism. Additionally, simulation studies also revealed that the actual mechanism of moisture diffusion in CT's is by surface jumps initiated by surface diffusion balanced against the surrounding pressure. Every subsequent step in the cycle was to break such loops. The effect of change in drying time on the electrical properties of the insulation was also assessed. The measurement of capacitance at the rated voltage and one third of the rated voltage demonstrated that the capacitance change is within the acceptance limit. Hence, the new cycle does not affect the electrical performance of the CT.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.694-701
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• 1990

본 연구에서는 열기관의 출력이, 주어진 열원사이에서 구성되는 사이클의 형 태에 의존한다는 점에서 최대출력 사이클이 어떤 형태가 될 것인가하는 문제에 촛점을 맞추어 사이클을 해석하고, 최대출력을 구하고자 한다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.246-267
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• 1995

Recently the request of the patients to participate in the medical courses has been expanding due to the elevated sense of right on the people's health, merchandised medical treatment by mass supply, human right declaration of the patients, generalized medical informations by the mass media and the change of human relation between the medical personnels and the patients. Under these phenomena the patients have been in the thought of solving such accidents only by regulation of the laws which they think to be all powerful, Such trends are same in the area of nursing service. Also today the accident by the nurses have been increasing by the area of the nurses having been expanded and their independent roles having been increased. Such nursing accidents are the important subject which the professional occupation of the nurse has been facing but legal protective capability of the nurses has been very weak. Therefore this study has examined the degree of the experience of the nursing accident that happens in the clinical nursing scenes in the general hospital to provide the basic materials for the protection and the counter measures of the nursing accident. The following is the conclusion based by the above examination. 1) The experience degree of the whole nursing accidents has been appeared as 1.90 in average. And the degree according to service area has been 1.77 in the area of supervising management of patients, 1.54 in the area of the same management of patients by head-nurses, 1.84 in the area of doctors' treatment performances, 14 in the enforcement and education areas of the nursing technology, 2.04 in the area of observing patients and judgement and 2.07 in the area of nursing records and maintaining confidentials. Accordingly there has been higher degree of accidental experiences in the independent service areas of the patients than in the dependent ones directed by the doctors. 2) The perception of the nurses showed that the cause of the nursing accident has been due to the heavy work of the nurses with the 60.4% of the response rate, the highest rate. They report the accident to the head nurse first by 2/3 nurses after accident. And the hour of the accident has been frequently happened regardless of service hours with 48.1% in response rate, the highest rate, and the nursing accident happens in the night more than the daytime with the rate of 37.5% at night while 14. 4% daytime. 3) The nurses are in the perception that the patients are responsible for the accident with 48.2% response rate while 43.9% rate in response showed that it has been caused by many people. They are in the perception that 41.7% when the nursing power was lacking, 46.7% lower recognition of actual state about indivitual patient in the section of technical speciality and 35.8% when the patients were not cooperative and 37.8% when the wards were dirty and in disorder. 4) the attitude of the patients after the various nursing accidents has been violent words in 72.7%, violence in 17.4% and 3.9% in attending the court by the sue of the patient's side(18 nurses). 5) The action of the hospital has been : requesting the submission of the story of the accident in 22.8%, the report of the accidents in 14.4%, thus the written statement disposal was most, 4.5% was the transfer to the other departments when the accident was larger or the patients' guardians protested strongly and 0.6% of the dismissals of the nurses. 6) In regard to the responsiblity of the nurse accidents, 78.9% was the highest rate of supplying the nursing manpowers, 48.4% of mutual cooperation of the medical personnels, 37.2% of strengthening the education for the nurses and hospital facilities reformation in 32.7%. 7) The review of relation between the general characters of the object of the study and the degree of experience of nursing accidents showed the significant differences in ages (F=4.04, p=0.000).

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1113-1122
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• 2009

하수슬러지의 해양투기 배출규제에 대한 대체 처리방안으로, 하수슬러지의 초음파 가용화를 통한 재기질화와 하수처리 공정에 대한 개선을 통한 슬러지 발생량의 저감방안을 살펴보았다. 분리막 반응조(MBR) 실험을 통해 SRT를 점진적으로 SRT=5.1일에서 442일까지 증가시켰으며, 이때 반응조내 미생물의 평균 농도값은 $c_B$=3.4 $gTSSL^{-1}$에서 $c_B$=14.5 $gTSSL^{-1}$까지 증가하였다. 이때 기질제거율과 미생물의 성장량과의 관계를 나타내는 미생물 수율($Y_{B/S}$)는 SRT=5.1일 일때의 약 0.5-0.7에 비해 SRT=442일 일때 0.005-0.007로 저감되어, 직접적인 슬러지 발생량의 감소를 가져오게 되는 것을 확인하였다. 반응 조내 미생물 농도와 폭기효율과의 관계를 프로펠러 루프 반응조에서 교반속도에 따른 산소전달계수와 ${\alpha}$-factor의 변화로써 살펴보았다. 한편 슬러지에 대한 초음파 가용화는 에너지 투입량에 따라 가용화 효율이 증가하고, 가용화한 슬러지의 혐기성 소화효율은 가용화하지 않은 슬러지에 비해 바이오가스 발생량이 많았다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.151-161
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• 2012

An intensive analysis of 148 timings of V700 Cyg was performed, including our new timings and 59 timings calculated from the super wide angle search for planets (SWASP) observations, and the dynamical evidence of the W UMa W subtype binary was examined. It was found that the orbital period of the system has varied over approximately $66^y$ in two complicated cyclical components superposed on a weak upward parabolic path. The orbital period secularly increased at a rate of $+8.7({\pm}3.4){\times}10^{-9}$ day/year, which is one order of magnitude lower than those obtained by previous investigators. The small secular period increase is interpreted as a combination of both angular momentum loss (due to magnetic braking) and mass-transfer from the less massive component to the more massive component. One cyclical component had a $20.^y3$ period with an amplitude of $0.^d0037$, and the other had a $62.^y8$ period with an amplitude of $0.^d0258$. The components had an approximate 1:3 relation between their periods and a 1:7 ratio between their amplitudes. Two plausible mechanisms (i.e., the light-time effects [LTEs] caused by the presence of additional bodies and the Applegate model) were considered as possible explanations for the cyclical components. Based on the LTE interpretation, the minimum masses of 0.29 $M_{\odot}$ for the shorter period and 0.50 $M_{\odot}$ for the longer one were calculated. The total light contributions were within 5%, which was in agreement with the 3% third-light obtained from the light curve synthesis performed by Yang & Dai (2009). The Applegate model parameters show that the root mean square luminosity variations (relative to the luminosities of the eclipsing components) are 3 times smaller than the nominal value (${\Delta}L/L_{p,s}{\approx}0.1$), indicating that the variations are hardly detectable from the light curves. Presently, the LTE interpretation (due to the third and fourth stars) is preferred as the possible cause of the two cycling period changes. A possible evolutionary implication for the V700 Cyg system is discussed.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2002

대기중의 에어러솔은 지구복사수지에 영향을 미치는 요소이며 직 간접적인 복사강제효과로 인하여 기후변화인자로 간주되고 있다. 대기 에어러솔은 대기중 체류시간의 시 공간적 불확실성 때문에 GCM 등의 변수로 사용하기 어려운 점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 대기 에어러솔의 기후 및 대기복사에 대한 영향을 규명하기 위하여 대기 에어러솔의 물리 광학적 성질을 밝히는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 가시영역에서의 대기효과를 분석하기 위하여 대기복사전달 모델인 MODTRAN 3 (Moderate Resolution Transmittance)의 모사결과와 GMS-5 위성의 가시영역 채널을 이용하여 황사 에어로졸의 모니터링을 시도하였다. 본 연구에서는 황사사례를 중심으로 대기 에어러솔에 의한 대기효과를 정량화하기 위한 GMS-5 위성자료와 이를 시뮬레이션 하기 위한 MODTRAN 3 대기복사전달모델을 사용하였다. MODTRAN 3 시뮬레이션 결과로 위성의 채널 알베도와 에어러솔 광학 두께와의 관계를 계산하여 위성자료에서 에어러솔 광학두께에 관한 정보를 추출하였다. 후진궤적분석을 통하여 황사를 포함한 공기덩어리가 고비사막으로부터 중국을 거쳐 한반도에 도달하는 것과 이때 에어러솔 광학두께가 증가하는 현상을 지상관측자료에서 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 위성영상에서 보이는 황사영역은 황사의 이동 현상을 시간대별로 잘 나타나고 있고, 지상관측결과의 비교분석은 10% 내의 오차율을 가지는 범위 안에서 만족할 만한 결과를 보여주었다. 더욱이 같은 황사현상이 발생한 시간대에 한국, 중국과 일본에서 측정된 라이다 관측결과와 모델결과 자료는 황사 에어로졸의 특성을 잘 나타내고 있으므로 향후 대기에어로졸의 모니터링에 대한 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 1981

회개, 수자원획(水資源劃) 등(等) 이수(利水)를 목적(目的)으로 하는 장기유출해석(長期流出解析)에 있어 가장 중요(重要)한 인자(因子) 중(中)의 하나인 유역증발산량(流域蒸發散量)을 Water budget방법(方法)에 의(依)하여 산정(算定)하여, Pan, Potential, Regional evaporation과 Temperature와의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하여 유출기록(流出記錄)이 없는 무계기(無計器) 지역(地域)의 유역증발산량(流域蒸發散量)과 장기유출량(長期流出最)을 추정(推定)하기 위하여 금강수계(錦江水系) 용담지점(龍潭地點)의 5 개년(個年) 자료(資料)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Pan evaporation과 River basin evaporation과의 비(比)($E_w/E_{pan}$)가 계절별(季節別) 성향(性向)을 가장 질서(秩序)있게 나타났으며, Pan evaporation으로부터 River basin evaporation을 Fig. 9 또는 Table-7로부터 추정(推定)할 수 있다. 2. Penman의 Potential evaporation을 적용하기 위하여 cloudness effect와 Wind function의 지역상수(地域常數)를 결정한 결과, 용담지역(龍潭地域)의 지역상수(地域常數)는 다음과 같다. $R_A=R_C(0.13+0.52{\frac{n}{D}})$ $E_a=0.35(e_s-e)(1.8+1.0U)$ 3. Regional evaporation [$E_R=(1-a)R_C-E_P$]는 유도과정의 가정에 따른 functional error가 큰 것으로 보여지나, 유역(流域)전반의 물리(物理), 화학(化學), 생물학적(生物學的)인 증발(蒸發)기구를 포괄적(包括的)으로 포용(包容)하고 있는 이와같은 이론적(理論的)인 함수개발(函數開發)이 요망된다. 4. 기상자료(氣象資料)가 미비(未備)한 지역(地域)에서는 기온(氣溫)만으로 Fig-11과 같이 개락적(槪略的)인 월(月) 평균(平均) 증발산(蒸發散)을 구(求)할 수 있다.