• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.366-372
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• 2001

Volatile flavor components in the mash of Takjus prepared by using Aspergillus oryzae nuruk were identified by using Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Twenty-four esters, 21 alcohols, 10 acids, 9 aldehydes and 4 others were found in the mash of Takju. Thirty six components including 13 esters and 12 alcohols were detected in the beginning of fermentation. Twenty nine components were more detected after second day of fermentation and 68 components were detected after 12 days of fermentation. Thirty five flavor components including 12 alcohols such as ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and benzeneethanol, 13 esters such as ethyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl butyrate and isoamyl acetate, 4 aldehydes and 6 acids were usually detected in the fermentation process. Ethanol was predominantly found in the range of $79.86{\sim}89.54%$ as a major component by using relative peak area. 3-Methyl-1-butanol, ethyl caprylate and benzeneethanol were some of the major volatile components through the fermentation respectively. Peak area of 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-hexanol, 1-dodecanol, ethyl acetate, monoethyl butanoate, acetic acid and isobutylaldehyde among the same group were higher than other components depending upon fermentation time.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.539-547
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• 2013

This study investigates the change of chemical components, antioxidant and antimutagenic activity in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer stems and leaves (GU) by the various processing methods, as follows: fresh (GU-1), dried under the shade (GU-2), blanched (GU-3), roasted 3 times (GU-4), roasted 4 times (GU-5). The components have been identified and quantified through the use of gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). At results, cis-1,3-dimethyl-2-methylenecyclohexaneat at 19.7 min and n-hexadecanoic acid at 21.5 min were detected in five kinds of extract. 3-O-Methyl-D-fructose at 17.8 min was observed in four extracts except in GU-1 and aminopyrazine at 19.8min was observed in four extracts except in GU-4. The total phenolics contents was high in GU-4(3.38 g/100 g). ABTS radical scavenging was high in GU-5($EC_{50}$, 0.57 ug) and DPPH radical scavenging was high in GU-4($EC_{50}$, 2.66 ug). The extracts of GU-3, GU-4, and GU-2 were most potent in anti-mutagenicity activity against 1-NP, Trip-P-1, and Trip-P-2, respectively. GU-3 and GU-4 also showed most potent effect of anti-mutagenicity on 2-AA and AFB1, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.260-265
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• 1986

Thermal degradation of ${\beta}-carotene$, major carotenoid present in cured tobacco leaves, were carried out at $400,\;600,\;and\;800^{\circ}C$ which are similar to temperatures existing in the combustion zones of cigarettes, and subsequent volatile degradation products were analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile compounds identified from degradation products included 36 aromatic hydrocarbons, 10 ${\beta}-ionone-related$ compounds which have trimethylcyclohexane ring, and 7 others. Of these, 37 compounds including ${\beta}-cyclogeraniol$ had not been previously reported in the literature as thermal degradation products of ${\beta}-carotene$. The major compounds of degradation products at $400\;and\;600^{\circ}C$ were ${\beta}-xylene,\;{\alpha}-terpinene,\;{beta}-cyclocitral,\;ionene\;(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethyl\;naphthalene),\;{\beta}-ionone$, and dihydroactinidiolide. The major compounds at $800^{\circ}C$ were the above six compounds plus toluene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1871-1880
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• 2014

Headspace volatile compounds of leaf, stem, and root of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg (PJT) harvested in March and July were isolated, separated, and identified by using a combined system of solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Identified numbers of volatile compounds were 72, 75, and 63 in March PJT as well as 78, 73, and 69 in July, respectively. Total compounds identified from PJT consisted of alcohols (1~7), aldehydes (7~15), esters (1~4), hydrocarbons (5~9), ketones (1~2), monoterpenes (13~16), monoterpene alcohols (1~5), monoterpene aldehydes (2~4), monoterpene esters (1~4), monoterpene ketones (1~2), sesquiterpenes (16~24), and miscellaneous compounds (2~3). Major volatile compounds of PJT were monoterpenes at all harvest times and in all parts of PJT. The amounts of ${\beta}$-pinene in leaf and stem harvested in March were highest in monoterpenes, followed by ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-myrcene. However, amounts of volatile compounds of monoterpenes in leaf and stem from July PJT were in the decreasing order of ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, and ${\beta}$-myrcene. Of the 39 sesquiterpenes identified in PJT, (E)-caryophyllene in March leaf was the most abundant volatile compound, followed by acoradiene in March leaf, ${\beta}$-elemene, and ${\alpha}$-copaene in July stem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 1987

The present paper was attempted to obtain the basic date concerning a reasonable preparing method and optimum fermentation conditions of Kochujang (Red pepper paste). To establish the standard quality of Kochujang, the chemical compositions and the volatile components of Kochujang was discussed. The native Kochujang collected from 80 households contained 40.51% of moisture, 6.00% of salts, 3.25 % of crude fat, 10.30 % of crude ash, pH 4.79, 9.28ml of tillable acidity. 19.60% of reducing sugar, 179.51 mg/100g of amino nitrogen and 4.43% of total nitrogen. The volatiles of Kochujang were extracted by a steam-distillation under the reduced pressure and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total volatile components identified in the native Kochujang were 46 components, i. e., 30 components in neutral fraction, 8 components in phenolic fraction and 8 components in acidic fraction, respectively. But no components were detected basic fraction.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 2017

Overuse of synthetic pesticides caused negative side-effects such as environmental contamination, development of insect pests' resistance, and effects on non-target organisms. Plant origin substances without/or with low mammalian toxicity have been considered as promising alternatives to the synthetic pesticides. Fumigant toxicity of the essential oil of Iranian Yarrow, Achillea millefolium L., was investigated against a cosmopolitan stored-product insect pest: saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis L.). Chemical profile of this essential oil was studied by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Tested concentrations were significantly effective to the mortality of insect pest. A positive correlation between essential oil concentrations and pest mortality were realized. LC50 value (lethal concentration needed to 50% mortality) was achieved as $17.977(16.195{\pm}20.433){\mu}l/l$ air. The main components were 1,8-Cineole (13.17%), nerolidol (12.87%), ${\alpha}$-cubebene (12.35%), artemisia ketone (6.69%), ${\alpha}$-terpineol (5.27%), alloaromadendrene oxide (4.71%) and borneol (3.99%). Terpenic compounds including monoterpene hydrocarbons (8.19%), monoterpenoids (44.23%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (21.69%) and sesquiterpenoids (22.24%) were 96.35% of the total identified compounds. Results indicated that the terpene-rich A. millefolium essential oil may be considered as a safe bio-agent in the O. surinamensis management.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2016

This study was designed to analyze the chemical compositions of 'Setoka' branch essential oils (SEBO) and to test their biological activities. 'Setoka' is a Citrus species widely cultivated in Jeju Island. At the present, 'Setoka' branches produced by thinning process were mostly discarded as a waste. Therefore, utilization of this branch waste has received much attention. 'Setoka' branch essential oils (SBEO) were prepared by treatment of its ethanol extracts with jojoba oil. SBEO were chemically analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and following components were identified; ethyl linoleate (64.14%), ethyl palmitate (16.50%), neophytadiene (11.06%) and beta-citronellol (5.09%). The anti-inflammatory activity in the SBEO was examined using RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. As a result, the SBEO inhibited nitric oxide (NO) productions with a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SBEO showed good anti-microbial activities against drug-susceptible and -resistant skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes, which are acne-causing bacteria. Based on these results, we suggest that SBEO has the possibility for use as an anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agent in cosmetic applications.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.2419-2424
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• 2013

Guanosine-5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) serves as alarmone in bacterial stringent responses. In this study, an affinity column was constructed by immobilizing ppGpp to NHS-Sepharose for isolating ppGpp-binding proteins. A novel ppGpp-binding protein, YjgA, was isolated and characterized by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry) coupled with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. YjgA and truncated forms of YjgA were cloned and over-expressed in BL21 (DE3). The binding affinity of YjgA to ppGpp was determined by equilibrium dialysis. The interaction of YjgA with ppGpp was very specific, considering that the dissociation constant of YjgA with ppGpp was measured as $5.2{\pm}2.0{\mu}M$, while the affinities to GTP and GDP were about 60 and 30 times weaker than ppGpp. Expression of yjgA gene in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR results revealed that yjgA was expressed from early to late stationary phase. The yjgA deletion mutant exhibited decreased cell number at stationary phase compared to parent strain and the over-expression of YjgA increased the cell number. These results suggested that YjgA might stimulate cell division under stationary phase. In most prokaryotic genome, about half of the protein candidates are hypothetical, that are expected to be expressed but there is no experimental report on their functions. The approach utilized in this study may serve as an effective mean to probe the functions of hypothetical proteins.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.559-565
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• 2003

An analytical method the determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and its hydroxylated metabolites, 1-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (1-OHBaP), 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP), benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-dihydrodiol (4,5-diolBaP) and benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (7,8-diolBaP), in rat urine and plasma has been developed by HPLC/FLD and GC/MS. The derivatization with alkyl iodide was employed to improve the resolution and the detection of two mono hydroxylated metabolites, 1-OHBaP and 3-OHBaP, in LC and GC. BaP and its four metabolites in spiked urine were successfully separated by gradient elution on reverse phase ODS $C_{18}$ column (4.6 mm I.D., 100 mm length, particle size 5 ㎛) using a binary mixture of MeOH/H₂O (85/15, v/v) as mobile phase after ethylation at 90 ℃ for 10 min. The extraction recoveries of BaP and its metabolites in spiked samples with liquid-liquid extraction, which was better than solid phase extraction, were in the range of 90.3- 101.6% in n-hexane for urine and 95.7-106.3% in acetone for plasma, respectively. The calibration curves has shown good linearity with the correlation coefficients (R²) varying from 0.992 to 1.000 for urine and from 0.996 to 1.000 for plasma, respectively. The detection limits of all analytes were obtained in the range of 0.01-0.1 ng/mL for urine and 0.1-0.4 ng/mL for plasma, respectively. The metabolites of BaP were excreted as mono hydroxy and dihydrodiol forms after intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg of BaP to rats. The total amounts of BaP and four metabolites excreted in dosed rat urine were 3.79 ng over the 0-96 hr period from adminstration and the excretional recovery was less than 0.065% of the injection amounts of BaP. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of BaP and its hydroxylated metabolites in rat urine and plasma for the pharmacokinetic studies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.723-729
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• 2005

Volatile compounds of dropwort (Oenanthe javanica DC), crown daisy (Chrysanthemum coronarium L. var. spatiosum), and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were isolated by steam distillation under reduced pressure (DRP) and liquid-liquid continuous extraction (LLE). Aroma extracts of the plants were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and their antioxidant activities were evaluated in two different assays. The aroma extracts isolated from dropwort, crown daisy, and sesame inhibited the oxidation of hexanal by 25%, 95%, and 99%, respectively, for one month at the $500{\mu}g/mL$ level. They inhibited malonaldehyde formation from cod liver oil by 48%, 54%, and 29%, respectively, at the $500{\mu}g/mL$ level. Their antioxidant activities were comparable to those of the natural antioxidant, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$.