• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.600-606
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• 2016

Seafarers are often placed in circumstances that require emergency evacuations due to various causes, including ship collisions, sinking, stranding, and fires. Achieving shorter evacuation time is an important factor in increasing the survival rate during these circumstances, but the narrow and complicated structure of ships is an obstacle when it comes to executing a quick evacuation. Also, unpredictable restrictions may be imposed by bad sea or weather. In this study, various experiments were conducted with sailors currently on board ships in order to examine factors that increase evacuation time. The data was then and analyzed. Evacuation time was measured by dividing crews into groups: sailors that were given an explanation of the ship's structure and those that were not. Furthermore, the visibility range was divided into 0 m, 3 m, and 5 m. The results indicated that, having an explanation of the ship structure did not have much of an effect on evacuation time but visibility conditions led to an increase in evacuation time with a maximum of 2.5 to 2.6 times longer when the visible distance was 5 m, 0 m and 3 m. Therefore, ensuring a visible distance of over 5 m was determined to be the most important factor for reducing evacuation time. In the future, effort should be made to ensure a greater visible distance to improve the survival rate of seafarers and passengers on board ships that encounter incidents.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.472-483
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• 2013

Actual maritime exercise for improving the capability of submarine sonar operator leads to a lot of cost and constraints. Sonar simulator maximizes the capability of sonar operator and training effect by solving these problems and simulating a realistic battlefield environment. In this study, a passive sonar simulator algorithm is suggested, where the simulator is divided into three modules: maneuvering module, noise source module, and sound propagation module. Maneuvering module is implemented in three-dimensional coordinate system and time interval is set as the rate of vessel changing course. Noise source module consists of target noise, ocean ambient noise, and self noise. Target noise is divided into modulated/unmodulated and narrowband/broadband signals as their frequency characteristics, and they are applied to ship radiated noise level depending on the vessel tonnage and velocity. Ocean ambient noise is simulated depending on the wind noise considering the waveguide effect and other ambient noise. Self noise is also simulated for flow noise and insertion loss of sonar-dome. The sound propagation module is based on ray propagation, where summation of amplitude, phase, and time delay for each eigen-ray is multiplied by target noise in the frequency domain. Finally, simulated results based on various scenarios are in good agreement with generated noise in the real ocean.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.77-85
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to subdivide trade transaction-centered structure in a logistics/distribution industry system to apply blockchain, to establish and resolve with which types of technology, and to provide policy direction of government institution and technology to apply blockchain in this kind of industry. Research design, data, and methodology - This study was conducted with previous researches centered on cases applied in various industry sectors on the basis of blockchain technology. Results - General fields of blockchain application include digital contents distribution, IoT platform, e-Commerce, real-estate transaction, decentralized app. development(storage), certification service, smart contract, P2P network infrastructure, publication/storage of public documents, smart voting, money exchange, payment/settlement, banking security platform, actual asset storage, stock transaction and crowd funding. Blockchain is being applied in various fields home and abroad and its application cases can be explained in the banking industry, public sector, e-Commerce, medical industry, distribution and supply chain management, copyright protection. As examined in the blockchain application cases, it is expected to establish blockchain that can secure safety through distributed ledger in trade transaction because blockchain is established and applied in various sectors of industries home and abroad. Parties concerned of trade transaction can secure visibility even in interrupted specific section when they provide it as a base for distributed ledger application in trade and establish trade transaction model by applying blockchain. In case of interrupted specific section by using distributed ledger, blockchain model of trade transaction needs to be formed to make it possible for parties concerned involved in trade transaction to secure visibility and real-time tracking. Additionally, management should be possible from the time of contract until payment, freight transfer to buyers through land, air and maritime transportation. Conclusions - In order to boost blockchain-based logistics/distribution industry, the government, institutionally, needs to back up adding legal plan of shipping, logistics and distribution, reviewing standardization of electronic switching system and coming up with blockchain-based industrial road maps. In addition, the government, technologically, has to support R&D for integration with other high technology, standardization of distribution industry's blockchain technology and manpower training to expand technology development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Cabotage means transportation of cargoes or passengers between two points within same country by vessel or aircraft which registered to foreign country. Cabotage regulation has justified by the protectionism in economic aspect and by national security in the defence of a country, thus most world's major countries including United States of America, Japan and European Union(outside EU) are executing cabotage. Even though Korean's controlled fleet ranked to 5th in the world, shortage and ageing of Korean domestic seafarers came to the restricted factor in the Korean domestic shipping. Resultingly Korean government permitted 530 Myanmarese and Indonesian seafarers to come on board in domestic vessel. In regarding to the Korean law, there are no direct relationship between boarding foreign crew in domestic vessel. However the baxic concept of cabotage will be spoiled by boarding foreign crew under the regulation of cabotage, so special treatment should be needed to cover the problems in coastal shipping arose form them. To minimize the problems derived from foreign crew, following actions are recommended; first, management skills of foreign crew are needed to overcome differences of communication and culture; second foreign crew supporting center should be established to counsel their difficulties; third, high level of manning companies should be promoted; forth, stabilized crew supply should be guaranteed by improving employment condition; finally, memorandum of understanding should be concluded between two countries to prevent seceders.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.401-407
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the preferences to yacht tourism and perceptions to importance of yacht tourism industry's activation strategies from consumers perspectives. In order to such a purpose, this study employed survey methodology with a total of 300 visitors to yacht facility and beach located in B metropolitan city. With 265 usable questionnaires, data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Accordingly, following findings were derived from current study. First, 32% of participants had yacht tourism experiences and more than 64% of them had willing to purchase yacht tourism products in the future, which indicates optimistic increases in yacht tourism demand. In addition, amount of willingness to pay for yacht tourism was less than 100 thousand Won per day. Second, the most preferred product was a yacht training and experience program, and preferred time for yacht tourism was weekend and or vacation with the period of one day or one night and two days. The main motivation was to spend leisure time and enjoyment with accompanying persons of family or friend members. Third, consumers' restriction factors included high expenditures, time consuming and lack of various yacht tourism products but their selection attributes included low expenditures, associated tourism products and quality of yacht tourism products. Finally, the most important activation strategies included the development of yacht tourism products, building yacht tourism conditions and establishing marketing strategies, but the least important activation strategies from consumers views included policies, experts and facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.515-523
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• 2015

This study reviewed 612 DP LOP(Loss of Position) incident reports which submitted to IMCA from 2001~2010 and identified 103 human error caused incidents and classified it through HFACS. And, this study analysis of conditional probability of human error on DP LOP incidents through application of bayesian network. As a result, all 103 human error related DP LOP incidents were caused by unsafe acts, and among unsafe acts 70 incidents(68.0 %) were related to skill based error which are the largest proportion of human error causes. Among skill based error, 60(58.3%) incidents were involved inadvertent use of controls and 8(7.8%) incidents were involved omitted step in procedure. Also, 21(20.8%) incidents were involved improper maneuver because of decision error. Also this study identified that unsafe supervision(68%) is effected as the largest latent causes of unsafe acts through application to bayesian network. As a results, it is identified that combined analysis of HFACS and bayesian network are useful tool for human error analysis. Based on these results, this study suggest 9 recommendations such as polices, interpersonal interaction, training etc. to prevent and mitigate human errors during DP operations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.476-482
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• 2013

This study aims to enhance the effectivity of VTS(Vessel Traffic Service) control by investigating the minimum safe distance between vessel and vessel, vessel and land(obstacle) for the vessel's safe navigation within the VTS control area. In addition, to suggest basic data for the safe navigation, this study has done survey and analysis to each VTS center, and individual on the minimum safe distance to VTS operators of each ports of korea. Through ocean voyage by training ship, Singapore and Malacca strait's congested vessel traffic zone's control distance was compared and investigated the difference on safe distance by the different VTS operators. As a result, there was huge difference of minimum safe distance between the VTS operators belong to the same center. Over all, the port with gentle coastline, like donghae, the safe distance was wider than the other port. On the other hand, port with complex coastline and frequent entry and departure of the vessel, like mokpo, the safe distance was the shortest of all. Therefore, development of module suitable to port's natural conditions and traffic volume's necessity is required, for the operators affiliated to the same VTS center control according to formal method. Lastly, the full discussion by the expert group about establishment of standard control procedure in the future should be considered as well.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2017

Recently, gusts, typhoon and tsunamis have been occurring more frequently around the world. In such an emergency situation, a moored vessel can be used to predict and analyze other vessel behavior, but if the mooring system is destroyed, marine casualties can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to determine quantitatively whether a vessel should be kept in the harbour or evacuate. In this study, moored ship safety in an exclusive wharf according to swell effects on motion and mooring load have been investigated using numerical simulations. The maximum tension exerted on mooring lines exceeded the Safety Working Load for intervals 12 and 15 seconds. The maximum bollard force also exceeded 35 tons (allowable force) in all evaluation cases. The surge motion criteria result for safe working conditions exceeded 3 meters more than the wave period 12 seconds with a wind speed of 25 knots. As a result, a risk rating matrix (risk category- very high risk, high risk and moderate risk) was developed with reference to major external forces such as wind force, wave height and wave periods to provide criteria for determining the control of capabilities of mooring systems to prevent accidents.

• Strategy21
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• s.44
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• pp.213-253
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• 2018

The Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) in the early 20th century greatly influenced the international politics in Northeast Asia and the destiny of both countries. There are many studies on the cause of the outbreak and its effect on the Korean peninsula. The victory and defeat of the battle of Tsushima also the subject of research by renowned scholars and navy officers. Many previous studies have analyzed the process of engagement. However, There was a lack of research that analyzed at the tactical level of naval commanders. Therefore, this study tries to review the battle of Tsushima in terms of tactical level, that is formation, maneuvering, damage control. Naval operations at sea with many variables are not always done as planned. The intuitive judgement and readiness have had a decisive impact on victory and defeat. The analysis of the naval warfare on the basis of formation, maneuvering, and damage control makes the cause of the win more clearly. The conclusion of the this study can be summarized in five ways. First, victory would be achieved through the suppression of the beginning. The destiny of the Tsushima battle was determined by an 1 hour after first firing. The Japanese fleet caught fire by paralyzing the command and control capabilities of the Russian fleet. Second, the Japanese fleet's power was superior to the Russian fleet. In general, Japan and Russia had similar powers, and Admiral Togo's "T crossing tactics" decisively contributed the victory. However, when compared to the weapon system level, formation and maneuvering, Japan was much more dominant. Third, people realized that one side to be annihilated in the battle between similar powers after the Tsushima battle. The common perception before the Battle of Tsushima was that the battle ship would not sunken, and that the result of wiping out was difficult. However, there is s time for one sided victory and defeat depending on the early suppression nad the destruction of the command and control ability. Fourth, it is the importance of damage control ability. The main cause of the Russian fleet's loss of command and control ability was thick smoke from fire, and maneuverability was greatly deteriorated due to coal overload. In this way, importance is still valid after more than 100 tears. Fifth, the area of uncertainty. In the navy battles, one or two shots of clear firing in the beginning and small misconception and minor mistakes decide win or loss. Ultimately, this area of fortune can be linked to mindset of the commander. I hope this research will be help to naval researchers and naval commanders at the sea.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-58
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• 2016

Objects : The purpose of this study is to understand trends of "Qigong"-related study since 2008 and to help guide the research direction of Qigong study. Methods : The computerized Korean database was searched from January 2008 until September 2016. The search terms used were 'Qi', 'Qigong', 'Doin', 'Meditation', 'bioenergy', 'training', 'life nurturing' and random or Korean language terms. Results : 1. A total of 140,914 studies were searched in this study. A total of 2,147 studies were finally selected as Qigong-related studies. 2. The average number of Qigong-related studies published in Korea since 2008 is 252.6 per year and there was no significant difference in the number of studies published by year 3. Results according to the subject categories, 805 cases were in the humanities and 2 cases were in the agriculture & maritime field. 4. Results according to the middle subject categories, philosophy was the largest with 280 studies. 5. As a result of Qigong categories showed that meditation was the highest with 1,043 (48.58%) not including duplication. 6. As a result of research method, the most frequent method was Analysis research with 1,138(53.00%) cases and the experimental research was the least with 118(5.50%) cases. 7. When the authors were investigated, the result was the most in 35 cases by Kim Byung-chae. 8. The journal that published the most Qigong-related studies was "J. of The Studies of Taoism and Culture" (52), and Dongguk University (75) had the largest number of Qigong-related studies. Conclusions : 1. Since 2008, there is no significant difference between the yearly and yearly the number of Qigong-related studies. 2. Since 2008, Qigong-related studies have been the most successful in the field of humanities, but it has been regularly published in various other field. 3. Since 2008, Qigong-related studies has shown a remarkable decline in category on External Qigong Therapy(外氣發功) and Science of Qi(氣科學). However, category on Nae-Dan(內丹), meditation, Do-In (導引) has continued steadily every year. And did not show a tendency to increase or decrease.