• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.177-199
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• 2015

Commerce enriches human life enriched and within commerce, transportation of cargo is arguably the most important in business transactions. Traditionally, marine transport has been major commercial transaction, but carriage cargo by air is on the increase. While the fare for freight in comparison with that of ocean is higher, air freight has many benefits that justify the higher shipping fee; lower insurance premium, packing charges, inventory control, cost management and especially speed. Therefore, air freight transport is accumulating gradually. An air waybill(AWB) is needed in the air transport flow. It is a nonnegotiable security, so the holder cannot transfer of a right to a third party. Some scholars suggest that a negotiable AWB is needed. However, it seems nearly impossible to do so; an e-AWB use shows a gain in numbers, even if it has not met expectations. Going forward, it would appear reasonable to conduct a follow-up study on the utility and legal problem for e-AWB. After sending goods, the consignor has the right of disposition of cargo in some cases, and more research is necessary, because it is related to change of ownership and a trade settlement. According to WATS (World Airlines Transport Statistics), the Korean Air took third place in international freight in 2014, and fifth in total, domestic and international to great acclaim. However, there is a lack of research supporting the business showing. It is hope that more studies on e-AWB, stoppage in transit, and a risk of outstanding amount, etc. connect to develop Korean air freight industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.276-281
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• 2008

Extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers were tested for antioxidant and their inhibitory activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Total contents of phenolics were found as $30.6{\pm}0.14mg/g$ (60% EtOH extract) and $23.2{\pm}0.21mg/g$ (water extract). Electron donation ability (EDA), ABTS [2,2azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical decolorization, Antioxidant protection factor (PF) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were measured for the antioxidative activity of the extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers. The water extract were determined as 97.5% at ethanol extract showed 83.2% and 60% EtOH extract were 89.7% in EDA. The water extract showed higher antioxidant activity than 60% EtOH extract when evaluated by ABTS radical decolorization and antioxidant PF. The TBARS of water extracts and 60% EtOH extracts were shown as $0.29{\times}10^2{\mu}M\;and\;0.28{\times}10^2{\mu}M$, respectively, and were lower than control. ACE inhibitory activity in water extract (67.6% inhibition) was higher than that of 60% EtOH extract (46.7% inhibition) at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Water extracts had higher inhibitory activities on ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase than 60% EtOH extracts. The result suggests that the water extract from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2012

We investigated environmental characteristics of the tidal flat oyster aquafarms to clarifyeffects of the tidal flat environmental factors on growth and mortality of the tidal flat oyster Crassostrea gigas by the Net Bag Rack Culture System in two districts in Western Korea. In this study, we have carried out the basic environmental investigation on growth of the single tidal flat, water quality and sediments, etc. in Taean and Seosan districts, Choongcheongnam-do, where the single tidal flat oyster aquaculture have been performed by the net bag rack culture system. In June 2011 when the final survey carried out at the two districts in western Korea, the mortality in Seosan district was higher than that in Tae-an district. Judging from the results of growth and mortality of the single tidal flat oysters investigated at two sites of Jinsan-ri in Taean and Chang-ri in Seosan districts, two results of Taean district showed higher growth and lower mortality than those of Seosan district. It is assumed that the proper acceptable density possible for growth of the tidal flat seeds and the secure of economics, in case of plastic cultivate net with the size of $50{\times}80cm$, are about 200 individuals. In this study, It was clarified that selection of the suitable sites, the input into the net bag of high quality oyster seeds and selective dispersion in the optimal density of the single tidal flat oyster have an effect on growth and mortality of the tidal flat oyster.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2013

The phenolic compounds of water extracts from Prunella vulgaris were highest at 9.25 mg/g, respectively, when various extraction solvents were used. The optimum condition for extracting phenolic compounds from Prunella vulgaris was extraction in water for 18hr. The DPPH-scavenging activities of Prunella vulgaris were highest at the water extracts. The ABTS radical cation decolorization was higher than 40% in the range of 0~100% ethanol extract section. The antioxidant protection factor on the lipophilic phenolic metabolites was shown to be 1.1 PF in the water extracts from Prunella vulgaris. The TBARS was lower than the control ($0.53{\mu}M$) in all the sections. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect, which is related to skin whitening, was above 40%, and for the anti-wrinkle effect, the elastase inhibition activity was above 40% at 0.2 mg/mL. The astringent effect of the Prunella vulgaris 40% ethanol extracts was 98.1% at 1 mg/mL. As a result, it can be concluded that Prunella vulgaris has the potential to be used as a cosmetic material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1295-1306
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• 2012

A microorganism producing carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) was isolated from seawater and identified as Bacillus atrophaeus. This species was designated as B. atrophaeus LBH-18 based on its evolutionary distance and the phylogenetic tree resulting from 16S rDNA sequencing and the neighbor-joining method. The optimal conditions for rice bran (68.1 g/l), peptone (9.1 g/l), and initial pH (7.0) of the medium for cell growth was determined by Design Expert Software based on the response surface method; conditions for production of CMCase were 55.2 g/l, 6.6 g/l, and 7.1, respectively. The optimal temperature for cell growth and the production of CMCase by B. atrophaeus LBH-18 was $30^{\circ}C$. The optimal conditions of agitation speed and aeration rate for cell growth in a 7-l bioreactor were 324 rpm and 0.9 vvm, respectively, whereas those for production of CMCase were 343 rpm and 0.6 vvm, respectively. The optimal inner pressure for cell growth and production of CMCase in a 100-l bioreactor was 0.06 MPa. Maximal production of CMCase under optimal conditions in a 100-l bioreactor was 127.5 U/ml, which was 1.32 times higher than that without an inner pressure. In this study, rice bran was developed as a carbon source for industrial scale production of CMCase by B. atrophaeus LBH-18. Reduced time for the production of CMCase from 7 to 10 days to 3 days by using a bacterial strain with submerged fermentation also resulted in increased productivity of CMCase and a decrease in its production cost.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.5 s.85
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• pp.728-734
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• 2007

In this study, we prepared surimi from pork leg and chicken breast by pH adjustments of 3.0 and 11.0. The content of crude protein, yield, water-holding capacity, redness, yellowness, myoglobin(Mb) and metmyoglobin(metMb) were significantly higher in the surimi manufactured from pork leg at adjustment pH 3.0 compared to the other surimi samples; whereas whiteness, myofibrillar protein, breaking force, deformation and gel strength were lower than other samples(P<0.05). The textural attributes were significantly higher in the surimi manufactured from pork leg at adjustment pH 11.0 compared to the other surimi samples; whereas Mb, metMb, cooking loss, breaking force, deformation and gel strength were lower than other samples(P<0.05). Again, the content of crude protein, yield, pH, breaking force, deformation, gel strength and lightness were significantly higher in the surimi manufactured from chicken breast at adjustment pH 3.0 compared to the other surimi samples; whereas myofibrillar protein, redness and metMb were higher than other samples(P<0.05). The content of myofibrillar protein, deformation, lightness and cohesiveness were significantly higher in the suriml manufactured from chicken breast at adjustment pH 11.0 compared to the other surimi samples; whereas Mb, cooking loss, yield and breaking force were higher than other samples(P<0.05). The chicken breast surimi had superior color and gel characteristics than manufactured from pork leg, and adjustment pH 11.0 had superior whiteness and cohesiveness than the pH 3.0 adjusted sample, however, there were no significant differences in sensory attributes among the surimi samples.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the biological activities of Hericium erinaceus. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of H. erinaceus extract was higher than positive control. The inhibitory activities of xanthin oxidase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and hyaluronidase was measured as functional food activity, and inhibitory activities on collagenase, tyrosinase, and astringent effect as beauty food activity in water and ethanol extracts from H. erinaceus. In functional food activity, xanthin oxidase inhibitory activities at $50-200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration in ethanol extracts from H. erinaceus showed inhibitory activity in dose dependent manner. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activities at $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration showed high activity of higher than 80%. Inhibitory activities on hyaluronidase as anti-inflammation factor showed inhibition effect in dose dependent manner both in water and ethanol extracts. In beauty food activity, Inhibitory activities on collagenase at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration in water and ethanol extracts showed high activity to 65.09 and 58.38% dose dependently. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity in water extract showed 9.4-58.24%. Astringent activity as pore shrink effect in ethanol extracts also showed a very high activity of 18.94-100%. Antimicrobial activity on pathogenic bacteria was highly effective on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli at 2.5 mg/mL or above. Therefore, the extracts from H. erinaceus can be used as a functional food and beauty food resources and natural antimicrobial agent on pathogenic bacteria in food.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.265-282
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• 2022

Sea surface temperature (SST) is a factor that greatly influences ocean circulation and ecosystems in the Earth system. As global warming causes changes in the SST near the Korean Peninsula, abnormal water temperature phenomena (high water temperature, low water temperature) occurs, causing continuous damage to the marine ecosystem and the fishery industry. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology to predict the SST near the Korean Peninsula and prevent damage by predicting abnormal water temperature phenomena. The study area was set near the Korean Peninsula, and ERA5 data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was used to utilize SST data at the same time period. As a research method, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm specialized for time series data prediction among deep learning models was used in consideration of the time series characteristics of SST data. The prediction model predicts the SST near the Korean Peninsula after 1- to 7-days and predicts the high water temperature or low water temperature phenomenon. To evaluate the accuracy of SST prediction, Coefficient of determination (R²), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) indicators were used. The summer (JAS) 1-day prediction result of the prediction model, R²=0.996, RMSE=0.119℃, MAPE=0.352% and the winter (JFM) 1-day prediction result is R²=0.999, RMSE=0.063℃, MAPE=0.646%. Using the predicted SST, the accuracy of abnormal sea surface temperature prediction was evaluated with an F1 Score (F1 Score=0.98 for high water temperature prediction in summer (2021/08/05), F1 Score=1.0 for low water temperature prediction in winter (2021/02/19)). As the prediction period increased, the prediction model showed a tendency to underestimate the SST, which also reduced the accuracy of the abnormal water temperature prediction. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to analyze the cause of underestimation of the predictive model in the future and study to improve the prediction accuracy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.808-819
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• 2023

This study was conducted to develop a selection marker for the identification of the Bacillus licheniformis K12 strain in microbial communities. The strain not only demonstrates good growth at moderate temperatures but also contains enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of various polymer materials, such as proteases, amylases, cellulases, lipases, and xylanases. To identify molecular markers appropriate for use in a microbial community, a search was conducted to identify variable gene regions that show considerable genetic mutations, such as recombinase, integration, and transposase sites, as well as phase-related genes. As a result, five areas were identified that have potential as selection markers. The candidate markers were two recombinase sites (BLK1 and BLK2), two integration sites (BLK3 and BLK4), and one phase-related site (BLK5). A PCR analysis performed with different Bacillus species (e.g., B. licheniformis, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus) confirmed that PCR products appeared at specific locations in B. licheniformis: BLK1 in recombinase, BLK2 in recombinase family protein, and BLK3 and BLK4 as site-specific integrations. In addition, BLK1 and BLK3 were identified as good candidate markers via a PCR analysis performed on subspecies of standard B. licheniformis strains. Therefore, the findings suggest that BLK1 can be used as a selection marker for B. licheniformis species and subspecies in the microbiome.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2023

This study aims to contribute to the research on resource recovery for the rapidly declining population of Liparis tanakae by observing the larval development process and the morphology of juveniles based on their growth. Natural spawning eggs collected in Yeosu were used for observing the process of egg development and larval morphology. The water temperature during the rearing process was maintained at 12.3~13.5℃ (average 12.7℃). The fertilized eggs had an egg diameter ranging from 1.57 to 1.79 mm (average 1.71 mm) and were spherical and adhesive. Within 4 hours 35 minutes after fertilization, they reached the two-cell stage, and after 74 hours 10 minutes, the formation of the yolk sac began. At 106 hours post-fertilization, a caudal fin appeared at the tail tip. Hatching began at 526 hours, and the larvae developed with the yolk sac positioned just behind the eyes. The newly hatched larvae had both the mouth and anus open. Melanophores appeared inside the lower jaw and around the tail on the third day after hatching. By the 16th day after hatching, most of the yolk was absorbed, and melanophores were visible in the head region. Finally, on the 63rd day after hatching, the head region significantly developed, and the body shape and mouth were similar to those of an adult fish, signifying the transition to the juvenile stage. This study will serve as valuable data for aquaculture techniques related to the conservation and restoration of fish species based on the hatching and juvenile morphology of Liparis tanakae.