• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.421-428
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• 2012

In this study, PCDD/PCDFs, PAHs and PCBs in wastes from metal, plastic and wastewater treatment facilities were analyzed. The concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 7.37~432.20 ng-TEQ/kg in fly ash, 0.51~855.01 ng-TEQ/kg in incinerated ash and 0.37~385.81 ng-TEQ/kg in dust. Dioxin content was lower, compared to data in foreign countries. PAHs concentration was in the range of 0.0075~2.9225 mg/kg for process sludge and 0.0035~1.6716 mg/kg for wastewater sludge, which satisfied all of the two standards (Nap, Ant, B(a)F:4/0.8, Phen, B(a)A:5/1, Flt:10/2.5, B(a)P:4.5/0.9) of the Marine Environment Management Act. PAHs concentration in process sludge and wastewater sludge were slightly lower than those abroad. According to the analysis of seven types of PCBs (in comparison with the first standard, 0.15 mg/kg), concentration was found in the range of 0.0~0.65 mg/kg, while PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180 isomers were detected in excessive value in some machine oil and hydraulic fluid.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.384-394
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• 2019

This study investigated the current status of the management system for foreign seafarers boarding Korean ocean-going vessels and analyzed the problems and suggested measures for improvement through the survey of shipping companies, ship management companies, crew manning companies and related associations. The conclusion is summarized as follow. First, it is necessary to reorganize and apply the collective agreements or the laws applicable to the foreign seafarer separately in regard to the foreign seafarer related laws and collective agreements applied in the same way as the Korean seafarer. Second, it is necessary to change the decision-making to shipowner in deciding on the number of foreign seafarers employed by the Korean ocean-going vessels or if the decision-maker remains the same, the relevant laws must be clearly defined pertinent to the decision-maker. Additionally, the number of foreign seafarers should be applied for each position and ship's type. The third is to expand the recognition arrangement for certificate of ships' officers to Eastern Europe and Asian countries to expand the range of options for hiring foreign seafarers. The fourth is to prevent the waste of administrative manpower by simplifying complicated and unnecessary administrative procedures from hiring and boarding of foreign seafarers. The fifth is to establish a systematic training and education system for foreign seafarers in cooperation with related shipping companies and government authorities, associations and so on. This study will contribute to providing a more efficient and systematic management of foreign seafarers boarding Korean ocean-going vessels.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 2005

Effluent of aquaculture industry has caused a growing concern regarding its environmental impact. We assessed the use of flounder farming sewage as supplement of diet, to minimize the impact of aquaculture on the environment or also establish the technique for the recycling of effluent sediment derived from land-based seawater fish farm. In order to investigate the effects of a fermented aquaculture waste on biochemical responses of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), fermented products of aquaculture wastes were used as test compounds that cause hepatic and renal stress through the induction of oxidative stress in liver and kidney. Hepatosomatic index (HSI), glutathione content and glutathione dependent enzyme were not significantly different and no correlation was found within the different types of fermentation condition or supplement concentration, except for significant increases in 50% fermentation group and 50% concentration group in case of glutathione peroxidase activity and HSI value, respectively. These results showed addition of fermented aquaculture sewage may be an economic artificial sources of diet for fish aquaculture practices without affecting the function and safety in view of biochemical examination.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.1 s.97
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• pp.91-96
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• 2005

The National Marine Electronics Association(NMEA) is nonprofit-making cooperation composed with manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers and educational institutions. We use the basic port of equipment in order to process the signal from NMEA signal using equipment. When we don't have enough one, we use the multi-port for processing. However, we need to have module development simulation which could multiplex and provide NMEA related signal that we could solve the problems in multi-port application and exclusive equipment generation for a number of signal. For now, we don't have any case or product using NMEA multiplexer so that we import expensive foreign equipment or embody NMEA signal transmission program like software, using multi-port. These have problems since we have to pay lots ci money and build separate processing part for every application programs. Besides, every equipment generating NMEA signal are from different manufactures and have different platform so that it could cause double waste and loss of recourse. For making up for it, I suggest the NMEA multiplexer embodiment, which could independently move by reliable process and high performance single hardware module, improve the memory efficiency of module by designing the optimized Queue, and keep having reliability for realtime communication among the equipment such as main input sensor equipment Gyrocompass, Echo-sound, and GPS.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is the evaluation of adsorption capacity of casts for heavy metals comparing with the activated carbon. The casts was obtained from vermicomposting of the mixed organic sludges which were generated from the treatment facilities for leather wastewater and cattle wastewater. The physico-chemical characteristics of cast was investigated. Also, the batch adsorption experiments of cast and activated carbon for heavy metals were carried out, and the results were analyzed by Freundlich isotherm. The buffering capacity to the acidic wastewater was founded in the cast, and the cation exchange capacity of cast impling adsorption capacity for soluble substances was evaluated as about 55me/100g. Those were implied that the cast have a large potential as a good adsorbent for soluble pollutants in wastewater. From the results of batch experiments, the removal efficiencies of tested various heavy metals including Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr were very high value as 89-98% for the activated car-bon, and 80~95% for the casts except for Zn. The adsorption equilibriums for the two materials were achieved within 90 minutes. The order of preferable metals in the adsorption was found to be Pb>Cu>Cd>Cr>Zn on the cast and to be Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn on the activated carbon, respectively. From the above results, it might be con-cluded that cast is effectively available as a good adsorbent to treating the heavy metal bearing wastewater.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.203-213
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• 1998

To investigate impacts of waste disposal on the marine environment for 9 years since dumping activity commenced in the Yellow Sea, chemical analysis of seawater has been done in and around the ocean dumping site. Results show that biogeochemical changes have occurred locally in the dumping area compared with the reference area, resulting in low dissolved oxygen saturation, low pH, and high accumulation of nutrients in the bottom layer. According to cluster analysis, chemical environment of the study area can be largely divided into surface layer and bottom layer, and again the bottom layer can be divided into that of dumping area where nutrients are accumulated and that of reference area. Low pH, low dissolved oxygen, high COD and accumulation of nutrients mainly characterize the dumping area. Average concentration of total inorganic nitrogen in the bottom layer below the thermocline has increased from $3.7{\mu}M$ to $9.5{\mu}M$, 250% accumulation in the dumping area since 1988. Therefore, the present results clearly show that the dumping site of Yellow Sea has received excessive sewage input beyond the environmental assimilatory capacity during the last decade. It may result in serious aggravation of seawater quality and basic ecosystem, and devastation of overall fishing grounds of Yellow Sea in the near future.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.204-215
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• 1993

Epoxy-activated chitin was synthesized by the reaction of epichlorohydrin with chitin which was isolated from waste marine sources such as crab shell. Followed by the reaction of epoxy-activated chitin with hexamethylenediamine, the aminohexyl chitin was synthesized. The aminohexyl chitin was subsequently reacted with epichlorohydrin to prepare the epoxy-activated aminohexyl chitin. Finally, the tannin-immobilized chitin (Resin I) was synthsized by the reaction of tannin solution with epoxy-activated aminohexyl chitin. Using silane coupling agent, the tannin-immobilized chitosan(Resin II) was synthesized by the reaction of $\gamma$-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane with chitosan which was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. Upon the pH variation, adsorptivities of these immobilized tannins to the metal ions such as $Cu^{+2}$, $Ni^{+2}$, $Cr^{+6}$, $Co^{+2}$, $Ca^{+2}$, $Pb^{+2}$, $Ba^{+2}$, and $UO_2{^{+2}}$ ions were determined by batch method. The adsorptivity tendencies of these immobilized tannin to the most of metallic ions were increased with pH. Furthermore, the adsorptivities of Resin(I) and Resin(II) upon the variation of pH, contact time, amount of resin and concentration of metal ion were investigated. As a result, it was found that these immobilized tannin on both chitin and chitosan showed good adsorptivities for uranyl ion.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.414-422
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• 1984

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of polluted Oncheon Stream on the marine organisms in the Suyeong Bay. Water quality and 96 hr acute toxicity to the sea urchin, Hemicentrotns pulcherrimus by recirculation bioassay were examined from Feb. 20 to Apr. 15, 1984. The 96 hr $50\%$ effective concentration($EC_{50}$) on the attachment of the podia of the sea urchin was observed to occur at test concentrations between 40.0 and $51.0\%$ (v/v), and safe concentrations may be assumed to be within 4.0 and $5.1\%$. These values indicate as follows : 1. Oncheon Stream was extremely polluted by oxygen-demanding wastes and synthetic organic compounds from sewage and industrial waste water. 2. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate(LAS) which has not been yet included in water quality standard was discharged above the TLm. 3. Unknown toxicity may be synergy among complex substances. In consideration of the relationship between COD values of Oncheon Stream and dilution water, the effect of toxicity of Oncheon Stream water reached to the area of the Suyeong Bay where the COD value was found to be 12.2 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.581-585
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• 1986

A growth experiment of the Israeli strain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under varying dissolved oxygen levels in the recirculating water system was conducted at the Fish Culture Experiment Station of the National Fisheries University of Pusan from August 28, 1985 to September 17, 1985. Five tanks with a capacity of $5m^3$ of water each were used under the same condition of water parameters except for dissolved oxygen levels which were designed to maintain at 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 mg/l ranges. The weight of fish in the beginning was about 300g and each tank was stocked with 200kg of fish. DO level of 3.5mg/l was found to be the best level with a feed coefficient of 1.57 and a daily growth rate of $1.411\%$ whereas 4.mg/l showed a slightly decreased performance of 1.63 and $1.365\%$ respectively. The amounts of feed consumed in 3.5 and 4.0mg/l DO levels were almost the same. Below 3.0mg/l DO levels the growth rate markedly decreased. Furthermore, in 2.0 and 2.5 mg/l groups, the fish did not accept feed vigorously and after feeding the fish usually concentrated around the inflow point showing oxygen deficiency response, The experiment indicates that the DO range of 3.5 to 4.0mg/l is the optimum level for the best growth at $27.5^{\circ}C$. DO concentration above these levels is considered a waste of energy resulting in uneconomical performance, and on the other hand, below these levels, the carp certainly shows a poor growth performance.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2010

Yuza (Citrus junos Sieb ex TANAKA) is a citrus fruit that is cultivated in northeast Asia. Citron is known for containing abundant antioxidants such as vitamin C, flavonoids, for example hesperidin and hesperetin, and terpenoids such as limononin. When mature citron is processed for tea or other beverage food products in Korea, massive amounts of seeds and pericarp are remained as waste. This study aimed to exploit the processed remnant of Citron for developing functional cosmetic applications. Ethanol extracts of Yuza seed and pericarp did not show significant radical scavenging activities measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. But they contained significantly high phenolic compounds. Cultured human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes were irradiated with 25 mJ UVB and the citron extracts were added to the medium of each culture. Cellular damages caused by UVB irradiation were prevented by the addition of the Yuza extract. In addition, the reduction of the enhanced MMP-1 expression after irradiation of UVB in human dermal fibroblasts was observed. Also the increased level of pro-inflammtory TNF-$\alpha$ in the UVB irradiated HaCaT cells was decreased. The collagen expression was enhanced by the extract. Yuza extract markedly inhibited melanin production from $\alpha$-MSH treated B16F1 melanoma cells. Melanin assay, tyrosinase zymography results indicated that Yuza extract had strong depigmenting activity. In conclusion, Yuza ethanol extracts have good anti-photoaging and strong anti-melanogenic efficacies.