• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.58-65
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• 2019

Under the regulation of rational energy use in public institutions, it has been mandatory for educational facilities to meet the first grade or higher since 2014. Also the regulation has forced educational facilities as public institutions to use renewable energy since September 2008. Educational facilities are required to be qualified as zero-energy buildings from 2020 under the revision of the Green Building Act. In this study, we identified the current status of the building energy efficiency rating system and the renewable energy system installation for 316 educational facilities that were accredited as "building energy efficiency rating system" from February 2015 to March 2019. Also we analyzed the energy self-sufficiency rate based on energy requirements and renewable energy output. Of the 316 facilities, 12 had 1++ and 293 had 1++ for the "Building Energy Efficiency Rating System". Among the 12 facilities which had 1+++, 11 recorded ZEB level 5 or higher, and 28 out of the 293 facilities(11%) which got received 1++ had ZEB level 5. Thus, it is impossible to implement the ZEB certification system for educational facilities under the present conditions. Expanding the ratio of 1+++ and investing in renewable energy systems should be preceded.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.482-503
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• 2019

Introduction: A new third version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) has been developed in response to trends in working life, theoretical concepts, and international experience. A key component of the COPSOQ III is a defined set of mandatory core items to be included in national short, middle, and long versions of the questionnaire. The aim of the present article is to present and test the reliability of the new international middle version of the COPSOQ III. Methods: The questionnaire was tested among 23,361 employees during 2016-2017 in Canada, Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Turkey. A total of 26 dimensions (measured through scales or single items) of the middle version and two from the long version were tested. Psychometric properties of the dimensions were assessed regarding reliability (Cronbach α), ceiling and floor effects (fractions with extreme answers), and distinctiveness (correlations with other dimensions). Results: Most international middle dimensions had satisfactory reliability in most countries, though some ceiling and floor effects were present. Dimensions with missing values were rare. Most dimensions had low to medium intercorrelations. Conclusions: The COPSOQ III offers reliable and distinct measures of a wide range of psychosocial dimensions of modern working life in different countries; although a few measures could be improved. Future testing should focus on validation of the COPSOQ items and dimensions using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Such investigations would enhance the basis for recommendations using the COPSOQ III.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2013

The Honolulu Strategy is a framework document to address marine debris issue globally. The Fifth International Marine Debris Conference held in March 2011 and organized by NOAA and UNEP catalyzed the development of the Holonulu Strategy. Goals of the Strategy are to reduce the amount and impact of land-based, sea-based, and accumulated marine debris. A set of strategies for each goal were provided for education and awareness, legislation, and alternative technologies. The Strategy also lists indicators that could be used to evaluate outcomes of strategies. The adoption of the Honolulu Strategy by the international community has led the international organizations such as GPA, IMO, and CBD to strengthen their responses to the marine debris issue. UN has also set up specific actions that will be implemented until 2025 through its resolutions on marine debris. Recent global developments related to the marine debris issue might lead to a change in the character of the international marine debris management from the current soft law regime to a mandatory one. The Honolulu Strategy could provide a guideline when the Korean government formulates the Second Basic Plan for Marine Debris Management, especially with its prevention-oriented approaches, utilization of scientific policy development tools, and adoption of evaluation system using performance indicators.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.115-141
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• 2011

In urban space, public space is publicly or privately owned space freely accessible by the public. Privately owned public space to the public hosts small-scale rest facilities to serve the public in buildings of certain purposes and sizes for the sake of pleasant urban environment. The Building Act and building ordinances formulate a set of criteria for management and easement of construction standards as well as the area. When creating privately owned public space, one can get incentives through the easement of floor space index and height limit. The purposes of this study were to investigate and analyze privately owned public open space, which is freely accessible by the public, and its adjacent streets and to propose plans to improve the regulations for securing privately owned public space for more rational and practical legal applications. The study then proposed some plans to help to increase the quality of privately owned public space including applying the coefficient to suggest the type of privately owned public space fit for the features of the streets and measure the appropriate utility level differently and distinguishing the mandatory items according to the facility regulations in privately owned public space from the ones qualified for additional points in case of installation. The types of privately owned public open space should be applied differently and the content of facilities intended should be different according to whether it will serve as a resting place or grant more importance on traffic by walking, depending on the features of its adjacent streets. The privately owned public space, the frontage space of building, and the adjacent sidewalks should become a whole and be regarded as one space from the integrated perspective. The results of the study claim further significance in that it investigated privately owned open space and roadside across Seoul. They will serve as useful data to solve the problems with the privately owned public space of the city, which destroys spatial continuity by focusing on the quantitative increase of privately owned open space and creating individual privately owned open spaces and builds high-rise buildings alienated from the existing spaces, and to increase the quality of future privately owned public space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.122-129
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• 2017

This study presents the results from a technical analysis of a portal system that is compatible with MRV regulations and utilized to examine energy efficiency in international shipping, in relation to the implementation of a mandatory data collection system by the International Maritime Organization. The details of the SEEMP guidelines, including the data collection system and methods for collecting data on fuel use, were reviewed. Strategies for domestic shipping companies toward MRV have been recommended by identifying differences with the EU MRV, and the technical adequacy of the MRV system was assessed. The MRV system enhances cost and work efficiency by managing emissions data from the early stage to the final stage. It is capable of collecting and reporting emissions data while adhering to the reporting procedures of shipping companies. By granting different access privileges to users, the system supports shipping companies in their data collection and reporting, and also supports verifiers in their data verification activities. Moreover, it makes possible the submission of reports in electronic from, thereby enabling shipping companies to adopt an integrated response to international MRV regulations.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.357-369
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• 2007

Water fleas are very important organisms in aquatic ecosystem because they are key constituents of food webs as either glazers or foods for predators. Daphnia magna is a representative test species and it has been extensively used in ecotoxicity evaluation. However, Daphnia magna has not been found yet in Korean water environment. There are limitations of using the foreign species such as Daphnia magna to reflect domestic situations in Korea. Consequently it is mandatory to find domestic species suitable for bioassay, and to develop corresponding toxicity test methods using the domestic species. In this study, we widely collected the domestic and foreign toxicity test methods performed by using domestic water fleas in Korea. The 58 test methods were collected from the standard methods (OECD, US EPA, ASTM), government reports, SCI papers and domestic papers. Ten domestic water fleas selected were Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Daphnia obtusa, Daphnia puex, Moina macrocopa, Moina micrura, Simocephalus mixtus, Simocephalus serrulatus, and Simocephalus vetulus. We suggested the domestic ecotoxicity test methods using domestic water fleas in Korea through providing a range of test conditions, and future directions for toxicity test using water flea. This study could be a useful basis for establishing the aquatic toxicity test methods with domestic organisms in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2008

Water quality standards (WQS) are mandatory to guarantee the human health and protection of aquatic ecosystems, and maintain the condition of suitable water quality. The present WQS for the protection of human health in Korea contain nine substances (As, Cd, $Cr^{6+}$, CN, Pb, Hg, ABS, organophosphorus compounds and PCBs), but it is insufficient to preserve the human and aquatic ecosystem from a variety of chemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the substance of WQS for the protection of human health. In this study, we chose the 20 chemicals from 43 chemicals of the project entitled 'Development of Integrated Methodology for Evaluation of Water Environment'. The methodology for calculating water quality criteria was amended from the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)'s equation for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health. The factors including fish intake, drinking water intake, and human body weight used in the equation reflected Korean situations. The monitoring values were derived from the water quality monitoring data in Korean four main rivers. The orders of priorities of chemicals were evaluated by human health risk assessment, and the proposed WQS was derived by technical and economic analyses. These results were reflected to expand the WQS for the protection of human health.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.750-756
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• 2020

Objectives: After coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic, the South Korean government announced guidelines on wearing masks to prevent its spread. The guidelines have changed depending on the severity of the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to identify mask-wearing behaviours to counter the spread of COVID-19 in indoor and outdoor environments. Methods: The type of mask worn and proper wearing were observed in cafés, supermarkets, underground shopping malls, and streets in Seoul. Behavioral assessment was repeated in August at social distancing levels 1 and 2, in October at social distancing level 1, and in November after the mask mandates. Results: In August, 22.1% of subjects in cafés, 90.8% in supermarkets, 91.8% in underground shopping malls, and 83.6% on outdoor streets wore masks properly. In October, the proportion of correct wearers increased in all locations. After masks became mandatory in November, about 97% of users of supermarkets, underground shopping malls, and streets wore masks properly. In cafés, the proportion of proper wearers was 61.5% with both social distancing level 2 in August and the mandate in November. The number of KF-certified mask wearers continued to increase from August to November. Conclusion: This study investigated mask-wearing behaviors to counter COVID-19 through observations in indoor and outdoor places in Seoul. Mask-wearing behavior was different depending on the place and the government guidelines in place. The results could be used for evaluation of the current guidelines for COVID-19.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.270-279
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• 2022

In this paper, system dynamics considering dynamics and time was examined to study the changes in system structure according to reinforcement (policy intervention) of regulation and punishment for fishing boats, and the strategizing directions were analyzed. Until now, regulations and punishments on fishing boats have been conducted temporarily and short-term as a precautionary measure to prevent accidents and imposed penalties. However, due to various anomalous side effects, the expected results were not achieved, negligent accidents occurred constantly, and follow-up measures were repeated. Resultantly, the regulation and punishment of fishing boats is a reinforced safety standard, and there is a necessity to improve facilities, equipment, and industry, and develop technology (including time delay) to prevent accidents. However, as the negative (illegal) activities continue without immediate and significant resistance, the safety blind spot for accident prevention cannot be minimized. Thus, policy intervention based on linear thinking without sufficiently considering variables of the dynamic mechanism and time can distort the basic values pursued by the policy. For the regulation and punishment of fishing boats, a strategy to supplement the mechanism should be prepared prior to the preparation of reinforced safety standards. Improvement and development of related technologies, mandatory training hours for anglers, fishing industry, and related organizations, proposal of specific action plan for Fishing Management and Promotion Act for growing fishing-related industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.160-167
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• 2023

An INS is a composite navigation system providing "added value" so defined if work stations provide Multi-Function Displays(MFDs) integrating information and functions for navigational tasks. Even though the minimum requirements for an INS are defined by IMO performance standards, a generic list of the devices and functions that constitute an INS does not exist, so the configuration of the INS is different for each manufacturer, and guidelines based on users' perspectives are also insufficient. This study was conducted to enhance the usability of the INS by analyzing the information required by users according to the ship's operating status and tasks and effectively structuring it in the MFD of the INS. By analyzing INS-related international standards and manufacturers' component equipment lists, mandatory navigation information was selected and card sorting tests were conducted on ship operators with experience in using MFDs to group the information required for each INS task. The results of the study can serve as a basic guideline for manufacturers to structure information based on users' experience when designing products.