• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.416-423
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• 1989

In order to produce clear and favorable citrus wine from Citrus unshiu produced in Cheju island, chemical and microbiological processes for alcoholic fermentation were investigated. The ratio of pressed juice passed below 100 mesh sieve and peel of mandarin orange were 55.9% and 25.6% respectively. Orange juice for fermentation source contained 8.85% total sugar, 1.43% total acid and 0.056% volatile acid. Pressed juice was adjusted to 24 degree Brix with cane sugar, and was fermented at $20^{\circ}C$ for one month. Starter screened and selected was Saccharomyces cerevisiae IAM 4274. As principal fermentation proceeded for one week, suspended solids began to precipitate slowly after then. After fermentation, clear citrus wine consisted of about 8 degree Brix residual sugar, $13.3{\sim}14.4%$ ethanol, $0.78{\sim}1.11%$ total acid, $0.05{\sim}0.07%$ methanol and $2.25{\sim}3.29%$ extract, was obtained. Color, flavor and taste of citrus wine found good with panel test. Citrus wine which was treated with fungal enzyme derived from Aspergillus niger CCM-4 was cleared much faster, and could be filtered more rapidly than the untreated. The enzyme-producing strain was isolated from field soil of Cheju island and identified.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mulching materials on the fruit quality of Miyagawa Early Satsuma Mandarin in the plastic house. The mulching time was 10 days after water irrigation breakage. The mulching materials used, in order of decreasing light reflectivity, were; micro-perforated vinyl sheets, non-woven fabric film, porous black P.E. film and non-mulching(control). Peel coloration by a values in the treatment of the micro-perforated vinyl sheets showed a 6.93 increase over the control group. The a/b values were similar to this trend, but there were no significant difference among the mulching treatment groups. The glucose level of fruit juice was much higher in the mulching treatment groups as compared with that of the control group, but there was no significant difference among the mulching treatments. Fructose content in the treatment of the micro-perforated vinyl sheets a 0.31mg%.m $L^{-1}$ increase over the control group. This group also showed a 1.36%.m $L^{-1}$ increase in sucrose and a similar increase trend in total sugar. The Brix value was 0.9 $^{\circ}$Brix higher in the micro-perforated vinyl sheet group(12.4 $^{\circ}$Brix) than in the control group(11.5 $^{\circ}$Brix) which result in a significant increase with micro-perforated vinyl sheet usage. However, the acidity level did not differ significantly among mulching treatments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water states (water, osmotic potential and turgor pressure) of fruit vesicle and leaf on soluble solids and organic acid contents of fruits of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid, M16 A line during the fruit maturing season in plastic house cultivation. The 'Shirauhi' grafted on 'Swingle citrumelo', strong strength of rootstock, produced fruit with lower soluble solids and organic acid content than 'Trifoliate' orange rootstock. The fruits vesicle water potential and turgor pressure measured before dawn in 'Swingle citrumelo' were higher tendency than the 'Trifoliate' orange, but osmotic potential values were lower than the 'Trifoliate' orange. The changes of leaf water potential were very similar to the fruit. The results suggest that in the 'Shirauhi' fruits grafted on two rootstocks changes of soluble solids and organic acid content of the fruit were influenced by the leaf water potential and the osmotic potential of the fruit vesicles, which might be caused by the difference of root distribution between two rootstocks.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.371-380
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• 2010

This study was performed to develop a precise single residue analytical method of fungicide cyprodinil in representative crops for using as general residue analytical methods which could be applied to most of crops. Apple, mandarin, Korean cabbage and green pepper were selected as representative crops, and they were macerated, extracted with acetonitrile, concentrated and partitioned with n-hexane. Then the extracts were concentrated and cleaned-up through silica gel column with ethyl acetate:n-hexane (15:85, v/v) before concentration and analysis with HPLC. LOQ (limit of quantitation) of cyprodinil was 5 ng (S/N>10) and MQL (method qnantitation limit) was 0.05 mg/kg. Recoveries were measured at three fortification levels (MQL, 10MQL and 100MQL) on crop samples and ranged from 82.0 to 108.2% and coefficients of variation were less than 10% regardless of sample type.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.44-52
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect on Brain Quotient from inhalation of blended oils. The subjects of the study were 64 people aged 20 to 59 years, with 32 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group. Blended oil with six aromas (Lavender, Bergamot, Mandarin, Lemon, Cedarwood, Roman Chamomile) was given to the experimental group, and Jojoba oil was given to the control group, for 30 minutes. Before and after the experiment, BQ tests (SRQ, BRQ, ATQ, ACQ, EQ, ASQ, CQ, and BQ) from the experimental group and the control group were compared and analyzed using a brain-training machine (NeuroHarmony S). There was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in three out of the eight tests analyzed ATQ (p<.05), ACQ (p<.05), BQ (p<.05). In other words, aromatherapy improves concentration and memory by increasing attention, and helps to maintain mental activity, thinking ability, and behavioral balance. BQ also represents a comprehensive brain function, and aromatherapy is a good way to maintain human mental and physical health.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2005

Virus-free stocks was produced by the combination of the heat treatment of virus infected plant and shoot-tip grafting (STS). To produce virus-free stocks, the plants infected with citrus viruses were used for virus-free stock production using the modified method of STG in thermotherapy at $40^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours in the light, and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours of darkness for 4 weeks. Trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) were used as rootstock seedling for STG. Percentages of virus-free stocks against citrus tristeza virus (CTV), satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) and citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) were $75.7\%,\;100.0,\%\;82.6\%$ respectively. Shoot tip size for successful STG were as small as possible. Less than $0.3\;\cal{mm}$ of shoot tips gave the hight efficiency of virus free plants but survival rates were low. And, survival rate after shoot-tip culture was analyzed and the rates were dependant on the cultivars; Yuzu cultivar showed the hight survival rate ($74.6\%$) and early satsuma mandarin (Iwasagi) was $13.3\%$ as the lowest cultivar. But citrus trees were not succeed to grown, turned brown, and died.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.223-231
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• 2009

This study was performed to develop a precise single residue analytical method of fungicide fenhexamid in representative crops for general residue analytical method which could be applied to most of crops. Korean cabbage, mandarin, apple and green pepper were selected, macerated, extracted with acetone, concentrated and partitioned with dichloromethane. Then the extracts were concentrated and cleaned-up through Florisil column with ethyl acetate/0.1% acetic acid in hexane [15:85, (v/v)] before concentration and analysis with HPLC. LOQ (Limit of Quantitation) of fenhexamid was 1 ng (S/N>10) and MQL (Method Quantitative Limit) was 0.01 mg/kg. Recoveries were measured at two fortification levels (10 MQL and 50 MQL) on crop samples and ranged from 85.2% to 94.8% (mean recoveries) and coefficients of variation were <10% regardless of sample type.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the humidity and gas composition on the quality of satsuma mandarins during their heat treatment, in an effort to reduce their acidity. To come up with different humidity and gas conditions, various plastic films were used. The fruits were wrapped with an 18-${\mu}m$ high-density polyethylene (HDPE) punched film, a 30-${\mu}m$ low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film, or a 100-${\mu}m$ LDPE film just before treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ for 55 hours. After heat treatment, the titratible acidity (TA) was significantly reduced while the soluble-solid content (SSC) showed no differences, which resulted in increased SSC/TA ratios in all the treatments. The fruits that were not wrapped with a film, however, which had low RH, developed higher ethanol and acetaldehyde contents than those wrapped with an 18-${\mu}m$ HDPE punched film, which had high RH and a similar gas composition. Among the films, the higher the $CO_2$ concentration in the film was, the more the ethanol and acetaldehyde contents increased, which induced more off-flavor. It was thus concluded that high humidity and normal gas composition are favorable conditions for heat treatment to reduce the acidity of satsuma mandarins.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2008

This study describes conditions for plant regeneration from protoplasts-derived from embryogenic callus of satsuma mandarin. Plants were generated via somatic embryogenesis. Protoplasts isolated directly from nucellar callus induced from immature ovule of satsuma mandarin cv. Okitsu (Citrus unshiu Marc.) were cultured in 0.6M $BH_3$ medium. Cell division and plating efficiency were affected by protoplast culture method. The liquid over solid method was the most effective for formation of microcalli. Most of microcalli grew rapidly and transferred onto embryoid formation medium. Optimum embryoid formation medium was MT medium containing 1.5 g/L malt extract, 0.146 M sucrose and the medium for plantlet regeneration was MS medium containing 0.09M sucrose, 1.0 mg/L $GA_3$. No differences were noticed in growth habits and leaf characters such as shape, thickness, and colour between protoplast-derived plants and nucellar seedlings. This plant regeneration system from protoplasts-derived from embryogenic callus provides an alternative way for producing new scion and rootstock cultivar from citrus species which can not be crossed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

The early history of Korean mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri was studied to obtain some information required in aquaculture and reinforcement of natural population. During the period from June 1996 to July 1997, the mature adults of Siniperca scherzeri were collected from the middle Soyang Lake at Puksan - myon, Chunchon - shi, Kangwon - do, Korea. The eggs from females were obtained by injecting HCG or/and GnRH - a and fertilized by dry method in the laboratory. The fertilized eggs, measuring 1.70~2.10 mm in diameter and expanded to 2.20~2.66mm after absorption of water, were globosity, light orange yellow, separative, submergence and had one large oil globules of 0.5~0.7 mm. The blastodisc was formed in 1 hour and cleavage started in 1 hour 30 min. after fertilization, and the intervals of each stage of cleavage was about 50 min. at the water temperature of $21{\sim}24^{\circ}C$. Hatching occurred 131 hours 30 min. after fertilization and newly hatched larvae were 5.86~6.85 mm in total length(TL) and numerous stellate melanophores were distributed on the yolk and abdomen of caudal peduncle. The yolk was almost absorbed and the teeth development. 3 days after hatching, at 6.98~7.60 mm TL. The head spines and the teeth were largely developed and all fins were completely formed and became postlarva stage 15 days after hatching, at 10.10~12.90 mm TL. The body shape and the color pattern were similar to adult, 25 days after hatching, at 15.3~23.8 mm TL. In 5 months after hatching were reached at 154.10~175.02 mm TL and 49.32~82.67 g in body weight.