• 대한한의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.339-348
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• 1998

We can have the following summary regarding the apple, what is called, 'the king of fruits' through the study of bibliographic science. 1. Im-keum(林檎) could be translated into 'Neung-keum'(능금)(Malus asiatiaz Nakai), Nea(奈) into 'Meut'(멋), and Bin-gwa into 'apple'(사과)(Malus pumila Mill), and Bin-gwa was reformed from Meut. Thus, Neung-keum is similar to the apple, yet it is' different each other. 2. The imported year of the apple which was reformed from Meut(멋) from China was in 1654 whereas Neung-keum(능금) is a native kind. 3. The apple inscribed by Sa-gwa(沙果) on the present korean language dictionary should be changed into Sa-gwa. The Sa-gwa(沙果) is used as another name of Neug-keum(능금) in China. 4. We can find the bibliographic record that an apple or Neug-keum(능금) had been used as a substitution of San-sa(山사) to be used to Soe-um-in(小陰人). 5. The apple and Neug-keum(능금) are recommended to the Soe-um-in(少陰人) as a food for Yang-ran-ji-gi(陽煖之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ji(保險之主) to Soe-um-in(少陰人).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.68-72
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• 2001

In order to effectively use the waste wood, two types of woodceramics chip tile were made from woodceramics chip, gravel, zeolite and additions. The woodceramics chip was made from branch of apple tree (Malus pumila Mill.) Snow melting property, bending strength and compressive strength of woodceramics chip tile were tested according to the mixing rate of woodceramics chip. Snow melting properties of woodceramics chip tile increased after additions treatment but mechanical properties were reduced significantly after additions treatment. The results indicate that the additions are effective for snow melting property but negative effect on mechanical properties.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.174-181
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• 1985

사과과실(Malus Pumila Mill var. Fugi)을 preclimacteric단계에 수확하여 380mmHg, $20^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 감압저장하고 climacteric rise의 각 단계별로 전자현미경적으로 관찰한 결과, 사과저장 중 감압처리가 엽록체의 초미세구조변화에 미치는 영향과 이로 인한 저장기간 연장효과를 규명하였다. 760mmHg, $20^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 저장한 상압저장 과실은 25일간의 저장으로 이미 막투과성의 변화로 인한 공포화현상으로 인하여 엽록체의 초미세구조에 상당한 변화가 일어나 stroma부위의 전자밀도가 낮아지고, lamellar system이 와해되었으며, 50일간의 저장에서는 광범위한 breakdown현상으로 인하여 stroma부위의 전자밀도상실, lamella system상실 등의 초미세구조변화가 매우 심하게 나타나 저장성이 상실되었다. 한편 380mmHg, $20^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 저장한 감압저장과실은 상압저장과실에 비하여 엽록체의 초미세구조변화가 크게 억제되었다. 특히 thlakoid막은 climacteric rise가 진전되어 공포화현상이 심하게 나타나서 lamella구조가 완전히 와해되었을 경우에도 비교적 건전한 상태로 유지되어 저장기간이 2개월정도 연장되었는데, 저장 중의 감압처리로 인하여 막투과성변화가 억제되어 사과과실의 숙성 및 연화가 지연됨으로써 저장기간이 연장된 것으로 판단되었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.57-60
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• 2008

2006년부터 2007년까지 2년 동안 진주시 농산물도매시장에 유통, 판매중인 사과(품종: 후지)에서 이상증상이 발생하였다. 병징은 상처나 열과된 과실이 수침상으로 물러지면서 빠르게 부패하였다. 균총은 처음 흰색에서 연한 갈색으로 되며 검은색의 포자낭을 많이 형성하며 균사생육 적온은 $25^{\circ}C$였다. 포자낭경은 처음 흰색에서 암갈색을 나타내며, 크기는 $950{\sim}1,900\;{\mu}m$이고 폭은 $12{\sim}22\;{\mu}m$이었다. 포자낭은 처음에 흰색에서 검은색으로 되며 모양은 구형 또는 반구형으로 크기는 $82{\sim}185\;{\mu}m$이었다. 주축의 모양은 반구형으로 크기는 $70{\sim}85\;{\mu}m$이었다. 포자낭포자는 담갈색으로 단포이며 구형 또는 타원형으로 크기는 $8{\sim}18{\times}7{\sim}8\;{\mu}m$이었다. 이상과 같이 병원균의 균학적 특징과 병원성을 검정한 결과, 본 병해를 Rhizopus stolonifer(Ehrenb.) Vuill.에 의한 사과 무름병으로 명명할 것을 제안한다.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.482-487
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• 2009

사과 대목 M.26은 준왜성대목으로 뿌리의 토양 지지력이 약해 지주 재배를 해야 하는 단점이 있다. 발근력이 향상된 M.26 왜성 대목 형질전환체를 육성하기 위하여 rolC 유전자 전환을 실시하였다. 항생제가 첨가된 재분화 선발 배지에서 재분화된 M.26 신초 1개체의 genomic DNA를 추출하여 PCR과 Southern 분석을 실시한 결과 유전자의 도입을 확인할 수 있었다. 유전자 도입이 확인된 형질전환체의 기내 발근 상태에서의 식물체 특성을 조사한 결과 대조구에 비해 신초 길이가 감소되었고 발근력이 증가된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 격리 온실에서 생육시켰을 때 rolC 유전자 고유 특성 중 하나인 분지가 발생되었고, 실생 대목에 접목한 후 묻어떼기를 통한 발근력을 조사한 결과 발근이 현저히 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상에서 확인된 rolC 유전자의 도입에 의한 M.26 사과 대목의 발근력 향상과 동시에 왜화 효과를 검정하기 위해서는 실제 품종과의 접목을 통해서 기존 대목과의 왜화도 차이를 비교할 필요가 있다고 판단되었다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2022

Objectives : Skin aging is generally characterized by wrinkles, sagging, loss of elasticity roughness, pigmentation and dryness. This changes is caused by reducing the elements constituting the extracellular matrix contributing to the physiological properties of the skin, such as collagen fiber, elastic fiber, and hyaluronic acid. Adequate skin hydration is important to maintain normal skin function and reduce skin aging. The present study is objective to observe skin moisturizing effects of Unripe apple(UA, Immature fruit of Malus pumila Mill) in vivo and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods : ICR mice were orally administerd UA(100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks, and skin water contents and the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-𝛽1, ceramide, hyaluronan and collagen type I(COL1) were measured in dorsal back skin of the mice. Gene expression of hyaluronan synthase(HAS1, HAS2, HAS3), collagen synthase(COL1A1, COL1A2) and TGF-𝛽1 were also determined by realtime RT-PCR. Results : Skin water contents and the expression of TGF-𝛽1, ceramide, COL1 and hyaluronan were significantly increased in UA group(100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day) compared to vehicle control. The mRNA expression of HAS isoform(HAS1, HAS2, HAS3), COL1A1, COL1A2, and TGF-𝛽1 were also significantly increased by UA. Conclusions : UA has skin moisturizing effects and enhancement activities in skin function related components(COL1, hyaluronan, ceramide and TGF-𝛽1). These results suggested that UA can be a developing candidate for developing alternative skin protective agent or functional food ingredient.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2004

Objectives: The objective of this study was to teach patients clinically useful external application of acne. Methods: We investigated the effects and manufacturing methods of the medical herbs published in the woman's monthly magazines according to "Zhong-Yao-Da-Ci-Dian(中藥大辭典)". Results: We investigated that Saururus chinensis Baill.(三白草), Houttuynia cordata Thunb.(魚腥草), Coix lachrymajobi L.(薏苡仁) were discovered 3 times, Brassica oleracea L.(甘藍), Raphanus sativus L.(래복), Daucus carota L. var. Sativa DC.(홍래복), Oryza sativa L.(米皮糠), Spinacia oleracea L.(파래), Cucumis sativus L.(黃爪) 2 times, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.(甘草), Gallus gallus domesticus Braisson.(？子白), Aloe vera L.(노회), Phascolus radiatus L.(綠豆), Prunus persica Batsch.(桃葉), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.(番茄), Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.(蒲公英), Prunus armeniaca L.(杏仁), Musa paradisiaca L. var. Sapientum O. ktze.(香蕉) and Malus pumila Mill.(평과) were discovered once in woman's monthly magazine during last two years. According to the effects, we classificated four groups which were defervescence(淸熱), subsidence of edema(消腫), pyorrhea(排膿) and gloss(滋潤) group. Conclusion & discussion : We suggested the use of each medical herbs on the Consensus conference on acne classification. We needed the further study on the manufacturing method, the time of use and the dose

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2013

Berries of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum [Kom.] Ohwi) contained one seed, which have, in general, one or two embryos but very rarely three embryos. Mucilaginous substances in berries may help them adhere to the branches of host trees. It was observed that seeds need more than one and half years to develop into normal and healthy seedlings from the time of inoculation. Many factors such as adhesion of berry, thickness of host branch, orientation of haustorial root, etc. influenced the successful development of mistletoe plants. Through the application of six-year observation results on the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings, about 80% of germination rate for mistletoe seeds and 61% of survival ratio for germinated seeds, which is more than 23 times higher in natural conditions, were obtained after inoculation of seeds on the one-year-old branches of Malus pumila var. dulcissima and Quercus mongolica trees. The technological aspects of the success can be applied to other host plants and provide a critical clue to an artificial propagation system, for this medicinally valuable genus. This is the first successful report on artificial inoculation and plant development of Korean mistletoe.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1141-1148
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• 2023

Herein, we explored the potential of the apple's core microbiota for biological control of Erwinia amylovora, which causes fire blight disease, and analyzed the structure of the apple's bacterial community across different tissues and seasons. Network analysis results showed distinct differences in bacterial community composition between the endosphere and rhizosphere of healthy apples, and eight taxa were identified as negatively correlated with E. amylovora, indicating their potential key role in a new control strategy against the pathogen. This study highlights the critical role of the apple's bacterial community in disease control and provides a new direction for future research in apple production. In addition, the findings suggest that using the composition of the apple's core taxa as a biological control strategy could be an effective alternative to traditional chemical control methods, which have been proven futile and environmentally harmful.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.269-273
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• 2003

A total of 57 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were recovered from diseased tissues of Hall's crab apple (Malus haliana), 3 cultivars of edible apple (M. pumila var. dulcissima), red pepper (Capsicum annum), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera) fruits. All isolates showed strong virulence on their own host plants. Isolates from edible apple exhibited high level of cultivar specificity in pathogenicity tests. Ten isolates from apple cultivar 'Fuji' were virulent on 'Jonathan' and 'Rall's Genet'. However, 12 isolates from 'Jonathan' and 'Rall's Genet' were not virulent on 'Fuji'. Among the 24 isolates from red pepper, only seven and two isolates were infective on edible apple and grapevine fruits, respectively. All six isolates from grapevine were only virulent on their own host. These isolates were grouped into five vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), A, B, C, D, and E, by demonstrating heterokaryosis through complementation using nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Among them, isolates belong to VCG-A and VCG-D accounted for 24 and 17 isolates； those in VCG-A exhibited wide host range involving Hall's crab apple, all three edible apple cultivars, and red pepper. On the other hand, isolates of VCG-D and VCG-E showed limited host range specific to red pepper and grapevine, respectively. Taken together, the data suggest that among C. gloeosporioides isolates, the concepts of pathotype and/or forma specialis may exist, and that three is a relationship between host specificity and VCG grouping among C. gloeosporioides isolates.