• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.312-325
• /
• 2015

In this review, we summarized the trends of genomics and transcriptomics research on peach, a model species of Rosaceae. Peach genome maps have been developed from various progeny groups with many next-generation sequencing (NGS) based single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Molecular markers of qualitative traits and quantitative trait loci (QTL) such as fruit characteristics, blooming date, and disease resistance have been analyzed. Among many characteristics, markers related to flesh softening and flesh adhesion are useful for marker assisted selection. Through comparative genomics, peach genome has been compared to the genome of Arabidopsis, Populus, Malus, and Fragaria species. Through transcriptomics and proteomics, fruit growth and development, and flavonoid synthesis, postharvest related transcriptomes and disease resistance related proteins have been reported. Recently, development of NGS based markers, construction of core collection of germplasm, and genotyping of various progenies have been preceded. In the near future, accurate QTL analysis and identification of useful genes are expected to establish a foundation for effective molecular breeding.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the fertilizer sources and ground cover mulches on nutrient release, growth, and photosynthesis in small one-year-old apple (Malus ${\times}$ domestica Borkh.) trees in controlled conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Treatments included no fertilizer (NF), commercial organic fertilizer (CF), and poultry litter (PL) for fertilizer treatments, and wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), green compost (GC), and grass clippings (GR) for cover mulch treatments. All treatments were applied proportionally based on the volume ratio equivalent to the soil. CF, PL, and GR treatments that had optimum carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ratios (less than 30:1) for N mineralization through the microbes released the greatest $NH_4^+$ concentrations in the pot media at 90 days after the treatments, but GC mulch with the optimum C:N ratio did not. CF-, PL- and GR-treated plants had the largest leaf area, thickest stem diameter, longest shoot extension, and greater dry matter production. CONCLUSION(s): CF and PL showed an suitable organic nutrient source for improving plant growth in an orchard. Interestingly, GR also could be a nutrient source for tree growth, if vegetation competition is controlled by maintaining vegetation height and recycling enough grass clippings to the soil in an orchard.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 2007

This work was conducted to investigate the important rooting factors through comparative analysis of a physiological differentiation after layering treatment using four apple rootstocks of different rooting abilities; M.26, M.9, O.3, and Mo.84. Mo.84 showed the highest rooting rate in from rootstocks, while O.3 was the lowest. Mo.84 also found to have the highest indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, although the fluctuation of IAA contents was not consistent with layering treatment. In contrast, abscisic acid (ABA) content of Mo.84 which showed highest rooting was lowest among rootstocks regardless of layering treatment. And ABA contents of all rootstocks were decreased after layering treatment than before layering treatment. O.3 which showed poor rooting rate revealed lowest in boron content. Carbohydrate/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of Mo.84 was the highest in all rootstocks. Therefor, we assumed that he IAA contents in layering treated rootstocks were not seemed to be a major rooting factor, but the changes in ABA contents and boron levels limit rooting in dwarf apple rootstocks.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.279-283
• /
• 2013

This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of preharvest sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP: $Harvista^{TM}$) treatment on the fruit quality attributes in cold stored 'Gamhong' (Malus domestica Borkh) apples. Preharvest sprayable 1-MCP treatment did not affect fruit qualities at harvest but titratable acidity (TA) was higher in fruit treated 10 days before harvest (DBH) than in control. During cold storage, fruit firmness and TA were higher in 1-MCP treated fruit than in control fruit as storage duration progressed, while SSC was not affected. Internal ethylene concentration (IEC) levels were not different among treatments at harvest. While the IEC level in control fruit reached to $58.3{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ after 6 month cold storage, the IEC levels in 1-MCP treated fruit ranged from 18.2 to $25.0{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Therefore, this result indicates that preharvest sprayable 1-MCP treatment should be another promising approach to retain fruit quality attributes in long-term cold stored 'Gamhong' apples.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.202-208
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of delayed controlled atmosphere (CA) storage on fruit quality and the incidence of storage disorders during CA storage of 'Fuji' apples (Malus x domestica Borkh.). In the first year of experiment, 'Fuji' apples showed 40% of watercore disorder at the commercial harvest time (Oct. 22). Twenty days delayed CA storage caused to develop the incidence of flesh browning while 30 days delayed CA storage did not. In the second year of experiment, watercore was increased with delaying harvest time. As the estabilishment of delayed CA storage was delayed, the incidence of flesh browning increased at 10 to 30 days delayed CA storage but 40 days delayed CA storage did not have any flesh browning incidence. Respiration rate increased with extending the storage duration. Delayed CA storage reduced respiration rate but was not different compared to the rapid CA. Ethylene production rate was lower in delayed CA storage than in cold storage but higher in delayed CA storage, compared to rapid CA storage. Titratable acidity was lower in delayed CA storage as CA storage progressed. Firmness was not different between rapid CA storage and delayed CA storage after 8 months of CA storage. Therefore, the results indicate that delayed CA storage should be a promising approach to reduce the risk development of flesh browning and watercore during CA storage of 'Fuji' apples.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 2004

Teliospores of two species of Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G.yamadae collected and identified from Juniperus chinensis, J.chinensis L.var.kaizuka. G.asiaticum was identified as the thick membraned (cell-walled) teliospores (avr 2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and thin membraned teliospores (avr 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), and the telia of G.asiaticum was bluntly conical shaped and occured on the leaves and branches of Chinese junipers. G.yamadae was identified as the thick membraned (cell-walled) teliospores (avr 2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and thin membraned teliospores (avr 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), and the telia of G. yamadae was gall or floral shaped and occured on the leaves and branches of Chinese junipers. Both of the telia of the two species of Gymnosporangium were occurred in a same tree of Juniperus chinensis L. var. kaizuka at the same time. But the dominant species is G. asiaticum. The more rainfall in the late of April (the season of forming basidiospore), the more rust diseases in Chaenomeles sinensis. C. sinensis, and Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta were infected by G. asiaticum (basidiospores) but Malus siebodii was not infected by G.asiaticum.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.776-779
• /
• 2012

A new cultivar 'Yeohong' was originated from an artificial cross between 'Jonathan' and 'Fuji' carried out at National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science in 1993. The cultivar was preliminarily selected among the elite siblings for its high fruit quality in 2002. After regional adaptability test at five districts for subsequent four years as 'Wonkyo Ga-31', it was finally selected in 2007. 'Yeohong' is characterized by the following. Optimum harvest time is late September. Shape of mature fruit at 278 g on mean weight is oblate a light red skin on a greenish yellow ground and yellowish white flesh. The fruit contains favorable total soluble solids at $14.3^{\circ}Brix$ and titratable acidity at 0.4%, which results in a gustatory harmony between sugars and acids. Safe storage period for the fruit is 3 weeks at room temperature. It is not resistant to Bitter rot. 'Yeohong' also reveals a physiological cross compatibility with leading cultivars such as 'Hongro' and 'Tsugaru', but a physiological cross incompatibility with 'Fuji'. It has weak growth habit.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.552-560
• /
• 2010

$GA_{4+7}$+BA, a plant growth regulator for induction of feathering in young apple tree and increasing fruit size, was applied by various methods on 'Gala'/M.9 apple trees in high density orchard for 4 years to investigate its effect on fruit and shoot growth. $GA_{4+7}$+BA($80-300mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) increased fruit length, fruit weight, and L/D ratio regardless of application methods, but it did not affect soluble solid content, acidity, leaf area, and chlorophyll. Seed number was not affected by $GA_{4+7}$+BA application, however, more immature seeds was observed in treated 'Gala' fruit. Shoot growth was increased when spraying $GA_{4+7}$+BA at tree crown but not affected when spraying at fruit directly. More significant fruit growth was observed when $GA_{4+7}$+BA was applied on the fruits between late of May and early of June when fruit cell division ended; however, high concentration of $GA_{4+7}$+BA resulted in lower fruit storability because of lower firmness. Hence, more attention should be paid when applying high concentration of $GA_{4+7}$+BA to small sized fruit cultivars like 'Gala'.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2001

Methanol extracts from 43 materials of 17 fruit trees were tested for their insecticidal activities toward five agricultural and four stored-product anthropod pests. Efficacy varied with insect species, plant species, and tissue sampled. At a concentration of 2,500 ppm, strong activity was observed with extracts of Chaenomeles sinensis and Punica granatum seeds against Myzus persicae adult females, Vitis vinifera seeds against Nilaparvata lugens adults, Citrus junos, Citrus paradisi, Cucumis melo Linne var. reticulatus, Diospyros kaki, Malus pumila var. dulcissima, Prunug persica, and V. vinifera seeds against Plutella xylostella, Citrus sinensis seeds against Spedoptera litura larvae, and Ch. sinensis and V. vinifera against Tetranychus urticae adults. Against four stored-product insect pests at 50 ppm, seed extracts of Ch. sinensis and V. vinifera against Sitophilus oryzae adults, and Ch. sinensis, C. junos, D. kaki, and V. vinifera against Callosobruchus chinensis adults gave over 80% mortality. Extracts of all samples exhibited little and no activity against Lasioderma serricorne adults and Plodia interpunctella larvae.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.531-538
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of defoliation by Marssonina blotch (Diplocarpon mali Harada et Sawamura) on vegetative growth and fruit quality in 'Fuji'/M.9 apple tree. Soluble solid contents decreased when the defoliation percentage by Marssonina blotch was over 10% before the end of September, and fruit weight decreased when percentage of defoliation was over 30%. Fruit red color and starch contents tend to decrease as percentage of defoliation near the fruit increased. Return bloom, fruit weight, and shoot growth the following year tend to decrease as percentage of defoliation increased. Photosynthetic rate of healthy leaves in bourse shoot during the end of September was maintained about $10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, effects in increasing fruit growth and soluble solid contents after the end of September. Photosynthetic rates for the damaged leaf, damaged area was over 50% on the leaf surface, while 30% of the photosynthetic rates of healthy leaf are without damage applied with Marssonina blotch at the end of September. The results show that the decrease of fruit quality in defoliation treatments may be caused by the decrease of starch contents in fruit, and that was caused by the photosynthetic rates of leaves near fruit was decreased by Marssonina blotch in the wake of August.