• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2016

We isolated and confirmed two S-RNases, denoted as mpS1 and mpS2, from apple rootstock 'Marubakaido' (Malus prunifolia Borkh. Var. ringo Asami). These S-RNases contained and conserved five cysteine residues and two histidine residues, which are essential for RNase activity. The mpS1 showed high similarity to S5 (99.1%) of Malus spectabilis, whereas the mpS2 showed 99.5% nucleotide sequence similarity to S26 of (Malus ${\times}$ domestica) and 99.6% to S35 of (Malus sieversii) when compared with reported S-RNases. In amino acid sequences, the mpS1-RNase was almost similar to the S5-RNase of Malus spectabilis, and the mpS2-RNase was similar to the S35 of Malus sieversii, with only one bp being different from the S26-RNase of Malus ${\times}$ domestica. The 57 S-RNases of Malus species were renamed and rearranged containing the new S-RNases, as mprpS35 (mpS2) and mprpS57 (mpS1), for determining S-genotypes and identifying new alleles from apple species (Malus spp.).

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1093-1101
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• 2007

Bonus-Malus system in automobile insurance rewards claim-free policyholders by premium discounts and penalizes policyholders with claims by premium surcharges. The purpose of adopting bonus-malus system is to alleviate differences in risk propensity. A well-known side-effect of bonus-malus system is the tendency of policyholders to pay small claims themselves and not report them to their, in order to avoid future premium increases. This phenomenon is called hunger for bonus. In this paper, we introduces an alternative approach to the Bonus-Malus system in automobile insurance - the approach is based on a deductible theory; and then search for a proper way combining both of them. Also, we construct a new algorithm to determine the optimal strategy of the policyholder based on the proposed model.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권6호통권86호
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• pp.756-761
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• 2007

능금속(Malus) 식물은 다년생 목본으로 국내에는 약 8종이 있다. 이 속에 있는 사과(M. pumila)는 경제적 중요작물로 그 기원은 서중국의 야생종 M. sieversii일 것으로 추정되고 있다. 우리나라에 자생하는 Malus내 모든 분류군과 중국의 M. sieversii를 RAPD로 분석하였다. 재배종이 높은 다양성을 나타낸 반면 제주아그배나무가 가장 낮은 다양성을 나타내었다. 재배종이 야생종보다 유전적 다양도가 더 높게 나타나 재배화 과정에서 여러 종과교잡이 일어나 많은 유전자가 침투된 것이라는 보고를 됫받침한다. 이 속은 M. sieversii를 포함한 사과나무, 능금나무가 같은 분자군을 형성하였고, 개아그배나무 또는 제주아그배나무(Malus micromalus), 아그배나무(Malus sieboldii), 꽃아그배나무(Malus floribunda)가 같은 분지군, 야광나무(Malus baccata), 개야광나무(Malus baccata for minor), 털야광나무(Malus baccata var. mandshurica)가 같은 분자군을 형성하였다. 한국내 재배종 사과와 능금이 국내 자생종 능금속에서 진화나 분지한 것은 아닌 것으로 판명되었고 오히려 중국 야생종이 그 기원의 하나일 가능성이 시사된다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1147-1157
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• 2005

Bonus-Malus system is generally constructed based on claim frequency and Bayesian credibility model is used to represent claim frequency distribution. However, there is a problem with traditionally used credibility model for the purpose of constructing bonus-malus system. In traditional Bonus-Malus system adopted credibility model, individual estimates of premium rates for insureds are determined based solely on the total number of claim frequency without considering when those claims occurred. In this paper, a new model which is a modification of structural time series model applicable to counting time series data are suggested. Based on the suggested model relatively higher premium rates are charged to insured with more claim records.

• 생약학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.298-304
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• 2018

Malus sieboldii is a dicotyledonous plant that grows widely in Jeju Island and Ganghwa Island in Korea. Malus sieboldii has been known as a detoxifying and antioxidant plant, but study on allergic diseases is not known. In this study, we investigated the effect of Malus sieboldii extract (MSE) on the activation of mast cells, which is well known to be a critical causative cell to induce allergic diseases. As a result of our experiments, MSE inhibited the degranulation and inflammatory cytokine secretion from mast cells by antigen stimulation. As the mechanism of MSE in mast cells, it inhibited the activation of Syk kinase, a essential signaling protein activated by antigen, and further inhibited activation of $PLC{\gamma}$ and MAP kinase(P38, ERK1/2, and JNK). Furthermore, in vivo animal studies showed that MSE significantly inhibited IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive systemic anaphylaxis in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, the results of this study showed for the first time that MSE inhibited IgE-mediated allergic responses by suppressing Syk kinase in mast cells. Therefore, it could be considered that MSE is worth developing as an anti-allergic material.

• 한국환경생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생태학회 2001년도 정기총회 및 학술논문발표회
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• pp.98-100
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• 2001

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.909-917
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• 2018

Quercetin and its glycoside derivatives were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS) in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of 22 Malus genotypes. In all genotypes, small amounts of quercetin aglycone were present, with water-soluble glycoside forms were the most abundant in different Malus plant tissues, including quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-arabinoside, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Among these six quercetin glycosides, quercetin-3-galactoside was the common form in Malus plants, except in the leaves and flowers of M. ceracifolia and M. magdeburgensis, and in the fruits of M. micromalus 'Haihong Fruit', where there was a higher concentration of quercetin3-glucoside. Among the different tissues tested, leaves contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycosides, while fruits contained the lowest concentrations of these compounds. Among the genotypes we analyzed, no specific genotype consistently contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives. M. domestica 'Honeycrisp' had the highest total compound concentration (approximately $1600mg\;kg^{-1}$), whereas M. hupehensis contained the lowest in its fruits. In contrast, the concentration of total quercetin and its glycosides was more than $5000mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the leaves of eight genotypes and greater than $2500mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the flowers of seven species. In general, the concentration of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives depended on the species and tissue type. These results may provide useful information for the evaluation and selection of edible Malus fruits and the materials for quercetin glycoside extraction.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.23-44
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• 2015

저탄소차협력금제도는 중대형차 위주의 국내 승용차 시장에서 소형차의 점유율을 제고하고 온실가스를 저감하기 위해 도입되었으며 2015년 시행이 예정되어 있었으나 2014년 산업부 등이 해당 제도의 온실가스 저감효과가 낮고 수입차에 상대적 혜택이 있다고 주장하였고, 관련자들의 토론을 거쳐 제도의 시행이 2020년으로 연기되었다. 2014년 집중되었던 기존의 연구는 실증분석 위주로 제도의 효과를 추정하는 데 집중되어 있었으며, 정량적 수치를 제공하지 못하는 경제모형에 입각한 구조적 논의는 별로 주목받지 못하였다. 자동차 시장 구조에 따라 보너스-부담금이 자동차 가격에 반영되는 효과가 달라질 수 있음을 경제수리모형을 통해 입증하였고 제도를 둘러싼 구조에 대한 정밀한 통찰을 제공하여 정합한 실증분석을 위한 이론적 기반을 제시하고자 한다. 자동차 공급자가 독점력을 가지고 있어 전략적 가격 설정이 가능하다면 보너스와 부담금이 자동차 가격에 반영되는 정도는 명목적으로 부여된 수준보다 작다. 보너스가 부과되는 소형차 시장만 독점력이 떨어지더라도 제도의 효과가 개선된다. 최적의 보너스와 부담금이 도입되어 있다고 가정했을 때 자동차 시장 구조가 변화한다면 최적 가격 체계를 유지하기 위한 보너스와 부담금 변화 방향은 직관과 다를 수 있다. 각 시장의 가격탄력성과 대체탄력성의 크기가 최적 보너스-부담금의 변화 방향을 결정한다. 예를 들어 대형차 수요는 탄력적이고 소형차 수요가 비탄력적이면서 대체탄력성은 낮은 경우 독점력이 강화된다면 보너스와 부담금 모두 상향 조정되어야 한다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 1989

54과(科) 100종(種)의 식물 추출액(抽出液)을 공시(供試)하여 Phytophthora spp.에 대한 항균성(抗菌性)을 검정(檢定)한 바 균사생장(菌絲生長) 억제효과(抑制效果)가 있는 것은 양파, 마늘, 등배나무, 호장근 및 당대황이었고 이중에서 특히 마늘과 등배나무가 가장 뚜렷하게 나타냈다. 유주자낭(遊走子囊) 발아억제효과(發芽抑制效果)는 P. capsici에서 마늘, 등배나무 및 당대황이 뚜렷했고 P. nicotiana 와 P. infestans에서는 등배나무가 뚜렷했다. 또한 등배나무 추출액(抽出液)이 유묘(幼苗)에서 강(强)한 발병억제효과(發病抑制效果)를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로 보아 항균물질(抗菌物質)은 분비(分泌)하는 능력을 가진 길항식물(拮抗植物)을 이용하여 토양전래성(土壤傳來性) 병원균(病原菌)을 저지(沮止)할 가능성이 있다고 믿는다.

• Plant Resources
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.130-139
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• 2001

Four major naturally populated areas around the Jindong valley in Inje-Gun, Gangwon province for wild Pyrus ussuriensis, Malus sieboldii, and Malus baccata are mostly located on the southeast side of the mountains at 630-745m in altitude at sea level and are in very good sunny areas. The total of 77 taxa dividing into 32 families, 58 genera, 65 species, and 12 varieties has been inhabited in these areas. Most of these plants are heliophytes, which love sunshine, but some of rhizo-plants such as Sasa borealis, climbing plants such as Actinidia arguta and Celastrus orbiculatus, or naturalized plants like Bidens frondosa are also shown. These areas have been continually destroyed, so it is possibly thought that the second transition has been progressed. The index of species diversity of plant groups in these areas is 0.672∼1.465 based on the Shannon-Wiener's method, but its index for the area that rhizo-plants like Sasa borealis are growing as an under planting decreases relatively. In this study, the oldest plant of Pyrus ussuriensis in Korea, which is 120cm in diameter at breast height (DBH), 19m in tree height and 25m in width, has been found.