• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the culture conditions of four ectomycorrhizal fungi, namely, Amanita spissacea NIFoS 2719, Pisolithus arhizus NIFoS 2784, Suillus spraguei NIFoS 2848, and Xanthoconium affine NIFoS 2716, in solid and liquid culture media. In addition, we attempted to induce in vitro mycorrhization of the fungi with Pinus densiflora. Prior to liquid culture, we determined the optimal culture conditions for each species in solid media. The results revealed that all species examined are capable of growth in potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), and modified Melin-Norkran's medium (MMN), although their preferred growth media were different. Liquid culture experiments showed that inorganic nitrogen did not enhance the mycelial growth of all four species. Therefore, we used MMN-based liquid inocula to promote the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi in our symbiosis culture system. Mycorrhization was observed in Xanthoconium affine NIFoS 2716. Morphological analysis revealed that fungi-inoculated roots of P. densiflora form simple and dichotomous lateral roots with dense mycelia. In addition, inoculation with X. affine NIFoS 2716 promoted root and shoot developments.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.345-351
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• 2018

A fungal isolate denoted NC14-264 was isolated from the soil in Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. Species in genus Plectosphaerella are pathogenic to several plant species, leading to fruit, root, and collar rot and collapse. In this study, a strain NC14-264 belonging to the Plectosphaerella was isolated from the soil and identified. Colonies were moderately grown, reaching 54 mm in diameter on potato dextrose agar, 49 mm on malt extract agar, and 55 mm on oatmeal agar at $25^{\circ}C$ after 10 days of incubation. Most Plectosphaerella species are distinguishable morphologically by irregular chlamydospores and different proportions of phialides and conidia. Based on morphological features and phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region and partial 28S rRNA gene sequences, the isolated fungus was identified as Plectosphaerella sinensis belonging to the Plectosphaerellaceae. This is the first report of P. sinensis in Korea.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.229-233
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• 2004

Partial desiccation of embryogenic calli cultures or somatic embryos leads to different physiological changes and maturation of somatic embryos, leading to improved plant regeneration. Embryogenic calli was induced from immature inflorescence segments and young leaf rolls of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum hybrids CoC-671) on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium enriched with different concentrations of 2,4-D ($1-4\;\cal{mg/l}$), L-glutamine ($100\cal{mg/l}$), malt extract ($100\cal{mg/l}$), casein hydrolysate ($1000\;\cal{mg/l}$) and coconut milk ($5\%$) and solidified with $0.2\%$ gel rite. The embryogenic calli were subjected to desiccation for 1-8 h. Desiccation of the calli for 6-7 h resulted in enhancement of plant regeneration frequency ($83-96\%$) as compared to control ($12\%$). Plantlets exhibited vigorous growth to maturity in the greenhouse. Partial desiccation of embryogenic calli offers as a simple method for improving plant regeneration frequency in sugarcane.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 2005

In this study we report on the estrogen activity of silkworm pupa and herb extracts in vitro. The estrogenic activity of these resources was investigated by competition binding assays with estrogen receptor $\alpha(ER{\alpha})\;or\;ER{\beta}$, and viability of MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line. Saturation ligand-binding analysis of $ER{\alpha}\;and\;ER{\beta}$ revealed that all plant extracts competed with estrogen ligand for binding to both ER subtypes with a similar preference and degree and competed stronger with ligand for binding to $ER{\beta}\;than\;to\;ER{\alpha}$. The highest $ER{\alpha}-binding$ sample was silkworm pupa aqueous extract The highest $ER{\beta}-binding$ sample was silkworm pupa oil. These samples were further tested for bioactivity based on their ability to regulate cell growth rate in ER(+) breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 cells. Our studies showed that silkworm pupa, soritae, sesame, yam, pueraria, malt, ginseng, Polygonum multiflorum, and Curcuma longa significantly stimulated the growth of MCF-7 cells (P<0.05). In summary, these results suggested that silkworm pupa and herbs might be useful as potential phytoestrogens.

• Mycobiology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.205-209
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• 2001

The Korean sawmills have recently recognized the importance of prevention of fungal discoloration due to increased losses in revenue. Before establishing integrated control strategies of fungal discoloration, more complete knowledge about causal organisms is needed. As a first step, we initiated a through survey of fungi colonizing commercially important softwood(Pinus dens flora, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus radiata) logs and lumber in Korea. In this paper we report results obtained from Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora) log study. In summer 2000, fungi were isolated from Japanese red pine logs in storage, and identified based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. A total of 595 fungi were isolated, representing 21 genera and 30 species. Mold fungi, mostly Trichoderma species, were the most frequently isolating fungi, representing more than half of all isolates. Dematiaceous fungi represented approximately one fifth of the isolates, and Rhinocladiella atorvirens was the most abundant in all samples. Opiostoma species represented 7% of all isolates from cores planted on malt extract agar(MEA) and the incidence of these species doubled with the addition of streptomycin and cycloheximide to MEA. The results indicate that Japanese red pine sapwood is susceptible to colonization by a variety of fungal species. As a result, control strategies that concentrate on one fungus may have limited success because of interference from competing flora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.375-380
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• 1990

It was attempted in this experiment to observe the effect of ginseng saponin on the growth and recovery rate of Saccharomyces rouxii which was shocked by heat-stress. The growth of S. rouxii was found most active when the saponin concentration in the malt extract broth was $10^{-3}%$ And the growth rate of S. rouxii grown on medium containing $10^{-3}%$ ginseng saponin was faster thanh that of the yeast grown on medium without saponin from the early log phase of the yeast. The growth recovery rate of S. rouxii which was heat-shockied by $80^{\circ}C$ - 30 minites was accelerated in the medium added ginseng saponin.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.154-157
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• 2006

A fungal isolate collected from infected paprika (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) was characterized as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum based on its ability of sclerotium formation, physiological and molecular properties. When the isolate was grown on potato dextrose agar, oatmeal agar, and malt extract agar, it grew most well on PDA. Optimal temperature and pH for its growth were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7, respectively. The fungal isolate produced sclerotia on PDA within 10 days, and the color and shape of the sclerotia were similar to those of S. sclerotiorum. The ITS rDNA regions including ITS1 and ITS2 and 5.8S sequences were amplified using ITS1F and ITS4 primers from the genomic DNAs of the paprika isolate and other known pathogenic S. sclerotiorum isolated from different crops in Korea, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. Sequence comparison analysis showed the ITS rDNA of the paprika isolate shares 100% sequence identity with those of S. sclerotiorum isolated from red pepper, lettuce and a S. sclerotiorum isolate registered in GenBank DNA database. Neighbor joining analysis based on the ITS rDNA sequence revealed the paprika isolate has very close phylogenetic relationships with known Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates. This is the first report that S. sclerotiorum has been found associated with paprika rot in paprika growing countries.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.200-205
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• 2006

Phellinus genus belonged to Hymenochaetaceae of Basidiomycetes and has been well known as one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms due to high antitumor activity. This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for mycelial culture conditions of Phellinus linteus, P. baumii, and P. gilvus. According to colony diameter and mycelial density, the media for suitable mycelial growth of them were shown in MEA, glucose peptone, and MCM. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $30^{\circ}C$. Carbon and nitrogen sources were man nose and malt extract, respectively. The optimum C/N ratio was 10:1 to 5:1 with 2% glucose concentration, vitamin was thiamine-HCl, organic acid was succinic acid, and mineral salt was $MgSO_{4}{\cdot}7H_{2}O$.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.8 no.3_4
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• pp.7-12
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• 1993

An Actinomycete strain isolated from Mt. Dea-Dun had a strong antifungal activity. The culture brith produced by isolated strain showed only antifungal activity against fungi with the exception of yeast and bacteria. It was heat stable, dissolved in ehtylacetate. The concentrated antifungal agent showed cytotoxicity against HEP-2 and HeLa as tumor cell line, and showed weak cytotoxicity against VERO 36 as normal cell line. Morphological and physiological characteristics were tested with isolated strain. The spore color of isolated strain was gray. It had a short chain and produced brown colored lytic substance in yeast extract-malt agar. The cell wall of isolated strain was composed of meso-DAP, and we suggested it as genus Actinomadura. In the existing of chemical inhibitor, isolated strain grew on the condition of 0.0001% crystal violet, 0.1% phenol, 0.01% sodium azide and 10% sodium chloride. Carbon utilization of isolated strain was shown that glucose, sucrose, manitol and sodium citrate were well utilized.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.478-485
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• 2009

This study was performed to assess airborne fungi concentrations during fall in eight subway stations in Seoul, Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate appropriate culture media and evaluate factors affecting airborne fungi concentrations. Results indicated that airborne fungi concentrations showed log-normal distribution. Thus, geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) were calculated. The GM of airborne fungi concentrations cultured on malt extract agar (MEA) media was 466 $cfu/m^3$ (GSD 3.12; Range 113~4,172 $cfu/m^3$) and the GM of concentrations cultured on DG18 media was 242 $cfu/m^3$ (GSD 4.75; Range 49~6,093 $cfu/m^3$). Both of GM values exceeded 150 $cfu/m^3$, the guideline of World Health Organization (WHO). There was no significant difference between two fungi concentrations cultured on MEA and DG18 media, respectively. Two factors, such as relative humidity and depths of subway stations were significantly related to airborne fungi concentrations. It is recommended that special consideration should be given to deeper subway stations for improvement of indoor air quality.