• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3469-3476
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• 2016

Background: The cancer research literature suggests that women, especially premenopausal women, have lower cancer mortality rates than men. However, it is unclear if that is true for populations at all age levels in all countries and what factors affect such sex differences. This paper attempts to fill that gap. Materials and Methods: Sex- and country-specific cancer mortality data were statistically analyzed with particular attention to geographic, social, and economic factors that may affect the sex differences. Results: The sex differences were age and country specific, rather than universal. Premenopausal women actually tend to have a disadvantage compared to men or postmenopausal women. Male cancer mortality appears to be the affecting factor in explaining variations in sex differences. Latitude of residence and literacy rate are the affecting factors in cancer mortality and sex differences. African and Latin American countries tend to have a female disadvantage, while East Asian and Eastern European countries are more likely to have a female advantage. Conclusions: The findings challenge the cancer mortality literature and indicate that the sex differences and their possible causes are more complicated than the current literature suggests. They also highlight the urgency of adapting age- and country- specific health systems and policies to better meet the needs of younger women.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.18.1-18.5
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• 2019

The development of sex-specific genetic assays in a species provides both a method for identifying the system of sex determination and a valuable tool to address questions of conservation and management importance. In this study, we focused on the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differentiate genetic sex in burbot Lota lota. Burbot are the only true freshwater representative of the cod family and a species of conservation and management importance throughout Eurasia and North America. To identify sex-specific SNPs, we utilized restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to interrogate thousands of SNPs in burbot samples of known phenotypic sex. We discovered 170,569 biallelic SNPs, none of which fit the pattern expected under female heterogamety. However, we identified 22 SNPs that fit the pattern expected under male heterogamety (males heterozygous XY, females fixed XX) and, from these, developed two genetic assays that robustly (~ 97% genotyping success) and accurately (> 99% correct) sexed burbot samples. These sex-specific genetic assays will benefit growing conservation aquaculture programs for this species and allow future assessments of sex-specific migration, growth, and mortality.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.365-373
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• 2009

Since 1990, identifying the sex of fetus and illegal abortion has brought the sex ratio imbalance at birth in Korea due to a notion of preferring a son to a daughter, socio-economic development, population policy, and so forth. Although there have been many researches such as time series analysis and region difference analysis to monitor this sex ratio imbalance, they have a defect that time and space could not be included in the analysis simultaneously. This study analyzes the sex ratio imbalance at birth, taking into account time and region at the same time. The analysis considered the numbers of male and female babies, who were born as the third or latter in their families, in 2000 and 2001 at 234 Gu / Si / Goon administrative districts. Here, we suggest a mixture model of binomial distributions, assuming heterogeneous populations. The estimation of the location parameters, weights and correlation coefficient of the mixture model is conducted by the EM algorithm, and the heterogeneity of the regions is expressed as a picture using ArcView GIS.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.251-262
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• 2018

This study aimed to explore how the AIDS knowledge, self esteem, sense of control and optimistic bias affect condom use among male college students. The survey was done among 323 male students within a university in B city and analyzed according to descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The students had optimistic bias regarding AIDS, and the scores on the AIDS knowledge, self esteem, and sense of control were all rated high. Self esteem and sense of control, sense of control and optimistic bias, sense of control and condom use on sexual intercourse with steady sex partner, condom use on with casual sex partners and with steady sex partner showed significant positive correlation. Self esteem and sense of control were predictors of condom use on sexual intercourse with steady sex partner. Additional studies among various groups should be followed to identify the relationship between variables and condom use.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2020

Background Eyelids vary in morphology and structure depending on age, sex, and race. Usually, one-dimensional measurements are used to evaluate blepharoplasty outcomes. However, in recent years, three- or four- directional enlargements of the eyelid have been used for blepharoplasty in Asian patients, and the outcomes of techniques such as lateral canthoplasty or canthotomy and medial epicanthoplasty with increased scleral area cannot be analyzed using marginal reflex distance 1 or the area of corneal exposure. Therefore, we describe the use of a measurement method based on the eyeball exposure area (EEA). Methods To obtain normal EEA values by age and sex, 320 individuals were recruited. The participants were divided into eight age groups (n=40 in each group: female subjects, n=20; male subjects, n=20): 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 years. The EEA value was obtained by dividing the exposed area by the total eyeball area. The normal EEA values and differences in EEA according to age and sex were calculated. Results The mean EEA values for male and female subjects were 66.86% ±9.20% and 71.48%±10.48%, respectively. In each age group, the EEA values of females were higher than those of males. EEA decreased significantly with age in both male and female subjects (P<0.05). Conclusions We determined normal EEA values according to age and sex. EEA can be used as an indicator of the outcome of blepharoplasty.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2018

The comstock mealybug is one of the serious insect pest in pear. It is necessary effective control methods such as attractive sex pheromone. Using sex pheromones is necessary for studying the physiology and ecology of insect pests. In the present study, the sex pheromone of comstock mealybug was used for investigating the flying acts of the adult male. As temperature increased, the development period of eggs shortened, but it was longer at $30^{\circ}C$. The mean number of eggs laid was 482 at $25^{\circ}C$ and males constituted 37% of the experimental population at $30^{\circ}C$. The flight of the male comstock mealybug was mostly restricted to a 2-4 hour period after sunrise, even if condition of light period is changed. Male mealybugs were incapable of upwind flight towards an attractant when air velocity was 1.5 mph. Preference of height was tested in a pear orchard. The ineffective heights of the traps were 2 and 2.5 m, whereas the effective heights were 1 and 1.5 m. Many captured males at 0.5, 1, and 5 m, and the number of captured males were similar in 10, 15, and 20 m. Male mealybugs were captured up to a distance of 50 m, suggesting that it is possible to control the male mealybugs that are more than 50 m away when sex pheromone traps are used.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.330-336
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• 2013

"The Act on Medication Treatment of Sexual Impulse of Sex Offenders" known as chemical castration has been effective since July 2011 in Korea. According to the law, monitoring of male sex hormone in urine is enforced to request National Forensic Service more than once a month after injection of medicine designed to reduce sex impulse. We established a rapid and sensitive method for the monitoring of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) in human urine by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Three mL of urine was pretreated by solid-phase extraction for purification and performed enzymatic hydrolysis. The pretreated samples were extracted twice with 2 ml of ethyl acetate and n-hexane (2 : 3). The separation was applied on Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18 column ($1.9{\mu}m$, $100{\times}2.1mm$). A gradient elution of methanol and water of 0.1% formic acid were used as mobile phase and the retention time was less than 10 min. LC-MS/MS system coupled with an electrospray ionization source was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The transitions of the analytes executed as following: m/z $289{\rightarrow}97$, 109 for T and E, m/z $292{\rightarrow}109$ for $T-d_3$ and $E-d_3$ as internal standards. The validation results of the method were satisfactory. The limits of detection were 0.05 ng/ml and the limits of quantification were 0.1 ng/ml. This method was successfully applied to real human urine sample. The developed method will be useful for monitoring T/E ratio in urine of sex offenders.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2013

To understand the sex reversal characteristics in the longtooth grouper (Epinephelus bruneus), this study examined the sex reversal and artificial masculinization of wild caught E. bruneus reared in indoor rearing tank after a 17${\alpha}$-methyltestosterone injection. To domesticate a broodstock, 64 wild caught E. bruneus, between 47.0 to 110.0 cm in total length and from 1.5 to 21.4 kg in body weight, were reared in indoor rearing tank (4.0 to 5.0 m wide, and 2.5 to 3.0 m depth) for four years. Seven specimens showed sex reversal from female to male during indoor rearing condition, whose total length and body weights were from 63.0 to 99.0 cm and from 4.4 to 13.2 kg, respectively. After inducing artificial masculinization in 14 female E. bruneus with a 17${\alpha}$-methyltestosterone (2.0 mg/kg BW) implants for 3 years, spermiation occurred in 9 specimens (total length: 54.0 to 68.0 cm, body weight: 2.3 to 4.3 kg). Among the female to male sex reversals, two specimens returned back to being female, whose body weights were 2.8 kg (initially 2.6 kg) and 2.7 kg (initially 2.3 kg). Therefore, this study suggested that E. bruneus (> 3.0 kg) was more effective in masculinizing by 17${\alpha}$-methyltestosterone implants.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.179-193
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• 2007

Objectives: It has been demonstrated that acupuncture treats diseases while that the widespread use of that clinically and experimentally. It also has shown that electro-acupuncture(EA) is more effective than manual-acupuncture (MA). The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of EA and MA at combined acupoints on sex and age in rats. Methods: This study measured the effects of acupuncture treatment on small intestinal motility in rats. MA and EA(intensity, 5 times muscle twitch threshold) was applied for 30 minutes to the combined left and right sides acupoints on ST36, ST37, ST39 under enflurane anesthesia. EA and MA applied to the ST36, ST37, ST39 acupoints produced an elevation of small intestinal motility. Results: In experimental groups of combined left and right sides acupoints, only specified groups show elevation of small intestinal motility in male rats, 5 weeks age. Furthermore, combined left and right sides acupoints in EA and MA show differences effects according to the sex, male and female, and the age as 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks. Conclusion : Although these different according to the sex and age in rats do not have a established tendency, the present study suggest that effect of EA and MA are experimentally dependent upon the sex and age on small intestinal motility in rats.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.216-220
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• 1996

Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana are sibling species, the former cosmopolitan and the latter restricted to the oceanic island of Mauritius. Sex comb-tooth number of male flies of D. simulans were about 9.83, while those of D. mauritiana were 12.90. Genital arch of D. simulans is large semicircular shaped expasion, while that of D. mauritiana is a narrow fingerlike expansion. We used classical genetic analysis to measure effects of genes on the X chromosome responsible for numeral and morphological differences in sex comb-tooth and genital arch between these species, respectively. For these purposes, mutant strain of D. simulans and wild type strain of D. mauritiana were hybridized and males of the FI and the backcrossed progenies were compared with two characters above mentioned. The sex comb-tooth number of F, males were about 11.79, and the genitalia of F, male were intermediate in shape between those of D. simulans and D. mauritiana. Genetic analysis of sex comb-tooth number and genital arches differing between D. simulans and D. mauritiana showed that very little diffemce was due to effect of the X chromosome.