• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2021

The mean age at menarche (AAM) of Korean females has been rapidly decreasing over the last 50 years; currently, the prevalence of early menarche (<12 years) is 22.3%. Female adolescents who experience early menarche are known to be at greater risk of psychosocial and behavioral problems along with several physical health problems such as menstrual problems. They also tend to achieve a shorter final height and develop obesity. Population-based Korean studies have shown a strong association between early menarche and the risk of obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Although the exact mechanism of how early menarche causes cardiometabolic derangement in later adulthood is unknown, childhood obesity and insulin resistance might be major contributors. Recent studies demonstrated that an excessive consumption of fructose might underlie the development of obesity and insulin resistance along with an earlier AAM. A positive association was observed between sugar-sweetened beverages (a major source of fructose) intake and obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk in Korean females. In pediatrics, establishing risk factors is important in preventing disease in later life. In this regard, early menarche is a simple and good marker for the management of cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. Decreasing one's fructose intake might prevent early menarche as well as the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic diseases.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2001

The elevation of total plasmahomocysteine is now an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Plasma folate and vitamin {TEX}$B_{12}${/TEX} influence Hcy metabolism as cofactors. In this study, we studied the relationship of major risk factors for cardovascular disease, including advanced age, male gender, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dislipidemia and plasma homocyteine, folate and vitamin {TEX}$B_{12}${/TEX} levels in Koreans. A total of 195 adult Koreans participated. The subjects were divided into three groups according to how many major conventional risk factors of cardiovascular disease they had: no risk, low risk (1~3 risk factors) and high risk (>3 risk factors) groups. As the number of risk factors increased, the plasma homocysteine levels significantly increase, while the plasma folate levels significantly decreased. The plasma homocysteine levels re higher in males than in females. The subjects with hyperglycemia had higher plasma homocysteine levels than the subjects without the risk factor. Also the subjects with dislipidemia had higher plasma homocysteine levels than the subjects without the risk factor. The plasma folate and vitamin {TEX}$B_{12}${/TEX} levels were significantly lower in males tan females. However, there were no significant differences in plasma folate and vitamin {TEX}$B_{12}${/TEX} levels between the subjects with or without other risk factors. These results indicate that plasma homocysteine levels were positively related with risk factors for cardiovascular disease and plasma folate levels were negatively related with the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Also, we conclude that plasmahomocysteine levels might be related to the combination of risk factors, rather than an individual risk factor.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.287-291
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• 2007

The factors and mechanisms by infection of Oriental Tsutsugamushi caused disease are not well understood. The onset of tsutsugamushi disease is characterized by chilliness, fever, malaise, headache and generalized aching. Infection of tsutsugamushi is the cause of impairment of function of a major organ often complicate the picture and immediately change the prognosis for the worse. Tsutsugamushi disease is reported that this disease is characterized by the histopathogenesis of liver, kidney, heart, and lung, but the variation of biochemical components in serum of tsutsugamushi disease patient are not clear. We analyzed total protein (TP), albumin (AL), aspartic aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphotase (ALP), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (CRE), glucose (GLD), cholesterol (CHOL) and total bilirubin (TB) in sera of patients with tsutsugamushi disease. In comparison with reference, total protein and albumin were abnormally decreased in 19.6% and 39.2% of patients, respectively. AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, UN, glucose, cholesterol and total bilirubin were abnormally increased in 94.1 %, 72.5%, 25.5%, 15.7%, 9.8%, 62.7%, 25.5% and 6.0% of patients, respectively. The patients showed abnormal relative rate of protein electrophoretic fractions to total protein in serum compared to them of reference were 43.1% (albumin), 12.9% ($\alpha_1$-globulin), 58.8% ($\alpha_2$-globulin), 60.8% ($\beta$-globulin) and 70.6% ($\gamma$-globulin), respectively. These data suggest that infection of Oriental Tsutsugamushi causes impairment of function of a major organ and abnormal serum protein electrophoresis fractions to tsutsugamushi patients.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1999

In 1997 surveys 82 out of 180 crucifer fields were infected with clubroot disease in a range of 1-100% of diseased plants and among crucifier crops Chinese cabbage was the most severe, In cropping systems Chinese cabbage-monocropping of Chinese cabbage-radish were found to be most common in major Chinese cabbage production areas. Welsh onion squash or paddy rice were also planted between cropping of Chinese cabbage. Paddy fields converted to upland were lowered in incidence of clubroot disease and fields with loam to silty loam soil were more severe in disease than those with sandy soil. Soil pH and organic contents were nor related to clubroot disease severity. Soil fauua such as total fungi bacteria actinomyces Pseudomonads and Bascillus were not correlated with severity of the disease. Root rall development on Chinese cabbage seedlings was initifially observed under a microscope 13 days after inoculation with Plasmodiophora brassicae but 18 days by naked eyes after inoculation. Root galls were formed mostly around collar roots and gradually spread to main root lateral roots and secondary root branches. Root galls started to enlarge greatly in size and weight from 23 days after inoculation. Chinese cabbage plants at mid-growth stage with root gall development were reduced to 1/2 of that of healthy plants in number of leaves 1/4-1/5 in above ground fresh weight 1/6 in root length but increased to 3 times in diameter of collar root. Diseased plants had little root hairs. Diseased Chinese cabbage plants at harvest were reduced by 9,1-11.8% in head weight compared to healthy plants a positive correlation was observed between root and head weight but those relationships were rot found in the diseased plants.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.691-697
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• 2021

Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (Vp_AHPND) and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) are the two most important pathogens in shrimp aquaculture and they have caused enormous losses to the shrimp industry worldwide. In ponds, the major target organ for the two pathogens is the hepatopancreas, and infection with EHP is a known potential risk factor for Vp_AHPND infection. This study aimed to develop a PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based diagnostic method for simultaneously detecting Vp_AHPND and EHP. The newly developed PCR diagnostic method could be used to test various samples, such as seawater, shrimp, and feces. The diagnostic method exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for both pathogens. This will help reduce the potential economic losses that may have been caused by the two major shrimp pathogens, Vp_AHPND and EHP, and will allow for the efforts and time spent combatting them to be dedicated elsewhere.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.64-64
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• 2020

Bakanae disease, caused by several Fusarium species, imposes serious limitations to the productivity of rice across the globe. The incidence of this disease has been shown to increase, particularly in major rice-growing countries. Thus, the use of high resistant rice cultivars offers a comparative advantage, such as being cost effective, and could be preferred to the use of fungicides. In this research, we used a tropical japonica rice variety, Zenith, a bakanae disease resistant line selected as donor parent. A RIL population (F_8:9) composed of 180 lines generated from a cross between Ilpum and Zenith was used. In primary mapping, a QTL was detected on the short arm of chromosome 1, covering about 3.5 Mb region flanked by RM1331 and RM3530 markers. The resistance QTL, qBK1^Z, explained about 30.93% of the total phenotype variation (PVE, logarith of the odds (LOD) of 13.43). Location of qBK1^Z was further narrowed down to 730 kb through fine mapping using additional RM markers, including those previously reported and developed by Sid markers. Furthermore, there is a growing need to improving resistance to bakanae disease and promoting breeding efficiency using MAS from qBK1^Z region. The new QTL, qBK1^Z, developed by the current study is expected to be used as foundation to promoting breeding efficiency with an enhanced resistance against bakanae disease. Moreover, this study provides useful information for developing resistant rice lines carrying single or multiple major QTLs using gene pyramiding approach and marker-assisted breeding.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.323-333
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• 2000

Objectives : Chronic HBsAg carriers are the principal source of infection for other susceptible people, and are themselves at high risk of developing serious liver diseases. In Korea, it has been estimated that 65-75% of the HBsAg positives remained as persistent carriers. Additionally, familial clustering of MBV infection has frequently been observed among carriers. Some would become progressive, chronic hepatitis patients, and others would not. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between various factors, such as the duration of infection, type of virus, mutation of precore/core region in HBV, major histocompatibility class-I, and developing chronic liver diseases among familial HBV carriers. Methods : Chronic carrier status was identified by repeated serological tests for HBsAg at intervals of six months or more. A familial chronic carrier was defined when the disease was observed in a family member over two generations. Two families were recruited, among which a total of 20 chronic HBsAg carriers(11 carriers in No.1, and 9 in No.2 family) were identified. Data on the general characteristics and liver disease status were collected. Identification of the HBV-DNA was successful only for 13 subjects among the 20 carriers. Analysis of viral DNA in terms of subtype, pre-core and core region mutations was carried out. The type of major histocompatibility class-1 for the 13 subjects was also analysed. Results & Conclusions : Seven of 10 chronic HBV carriers of the 1st generation and one of 10 of the 2nd generation were clinical patients with chronic hepatitis, the others, three of the 1 st and nine of the 2nd generation, were asymptomatic carriers. This data indicates that the duration of HBV carriage is one of the major factors for disease severity. The subtype of HBsAg analysed using MBV-DNA identified in 13 carriers were adr, and the pattern of precore nonsense mutation in HBV-DNA was identical among family members, which meads that the same virus strains were transmitted between the family members. The association between the precore or core mutations in HBV-DNA and the disease severity was not observed. While it was suggested that a specific type of MHC class-I may be related to disease progression.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2009

The occurrences of the major diseases and the densities of air-born microbes were surveyed in the cultivation facilities for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), and enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) in different areas of Korea. Green mold disease was most often developed in oyster mushroom bed cultivation with the disease incidence rate of approximate 10% while the disease incidences from bottle and plastic envelop cultivation were less than 1~2%. In the bed cultivation, the major air-born microbes in the growth room were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Curvularia with the total fungal population density of 567~1,297 CFU/$m^3$ . However, only Trichoderma and Penicillium were detected in the growth rooms and innoculation rooms of bottle and plastic envelop cultivation with the densities of 350~700 CFU/$m^3$ and 160~260 CFU/$m^3$, respectively. The bacterial diseases become evident in the growth rooms of bottle and plastic envelop cultivation with the approximate incidence rate of 10%. The identified bacterial species were Brevibacillus levelkil, Rhizobium radiobacter, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Pseudomonas mosselii, Microbacterium testaceum. Sphingomonas panmi, Sphingomonas yabuuchiae, Paracocus dinitrificans, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens and some unidentified bacteria with the densities of 40~6,359 CFU/$m^3$ in the growth rooms and 9 CFU/$m^3$ in the inoculation room. This study indicated that the green mold disease by fungal strains was the major mushroom disease in the bed cultivation and suggested that the contamination of bacteria and fungi together in the growth media could result in severe production loss. The plastic envelope and bottle cultivation were evidenced to be less susceptible to such contaminations.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.245-249
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• 1987

Cardiovascular disease is at present the leading cause of deth in the United States and other in dustrilized countries. A major contributing factor of cardiovascular disease is essential hypertension. Untreated, essential hypertension is considered a risk factor for sudden death due to myocardial infarctions, as well as a risk factor for cerebral vascular disease, renal failure and congestive heart failure. During the last decade, significant progress has been made in the basic knowledge of the pathogenesis of hypertension as well as in the development of new antihypertensive drugs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.650-657
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate average total fat and fatty acid intakes as well as identify major food sources using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-1 (2013). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Total fat and fatty acid intakes were estimated using 24-hour dietary recall data on 7,048 participants aged ${\geq}3years$ from the KNHANES VI-1 (2013). Data included total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) levels. Population means and standard errors of the mean were weighted in order to produce national estimates and separated based on sex, age, income, as well as residential region. Major food sources of fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were identified based on mean consumption amounts of fat and fatty acids in each food. RESULTS: The mean intake of total fat was 48.0 g while mean intakes of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were 14.4 g, 15.3 g, 11.6 g, 1.6 g, and 10.1 g, respectively. Intakes of MUFA and SFA were each higher than that of PUFA in all age groups. Pork was the major source of total fat, SFA, and MUFA, and soybean oil was the major source of PUFA. Milk and pork were major sources of SFA in subjects aged 3-11 years and ${\geq}12years$, respectively. Perilla seed oil and soybean oil were main sources of n-3 FA in subjects aged ${\geq}50years$ and aged < 50 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of mean fatty acid intakes of this study using nationally represented samples of the Korean population could be useful for developing and evaluating national nutritional policies.