• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.451-459
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• 2020

This study aims to examine the relationship of the four factors that increase the protection of minority shareholder investment. The factors are non-controlling shareholders, corporate governance, free cash flow, and shareholder wealth. The data for this study is obtained from the 2017 annual reports of 136 Thai public companies listed in the Market of Alternative Investment of Thailand (MAI). The analysis uses a multiple regression model to determine which factors encourage and which inhibit the protection of minority shareholder investment. The study tests four hypotheses. The results rejected H1 because non-controlling shareholders have negatively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta -0.155 and p-value 0.050). The results accepted H2, H3 and H4 as follows. H2: corporate governance has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.17 and p-value 0.031). H3: free cash flow has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.214 and p-value 0.007). H4: shareholder wealth has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.318 and p-value 0.000). The major findings suggest strong minority shareholder investment protection was enhanced by increasing corporate governance, free cash flow and shareholder wealth. The protection of minority shareholder investment needs to reduce non-controlling shareholding pattern.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2023

Purpose: Research on spin-off and treasury stock is necessary because the market has realized that this can be utilized for major shareholder private interest. Considering the unique characteristic of a spin-off and treasury stock in the Korean stock market, this study contributes to the literature by examining the effects on shareholder value in the Korean distribution industry. Research design, data, and methodology: The present study investigates literature, analyst reports, and news articles to examine the spin-off process and analyze how treasury stock magic happens. Results: Setting the exchange ratio favoring Spin-Co in the spin-off is the leading cause for reducing the minor shareholders' value. Moreover, treating treasury stock as an asset is also problematic, allowing the allocation of Spin-Co shares. This leads to an increase in the major shareholder controls of Spin-Co without any contribution from the major shareholders. Therefore, the exchange ratio should be calculated reasonably, and treasury stock from the stock repurchase should be treated as stock retirement. Conclusion: By analyzing the spin-off and how treasury stock magic occurs, this study provides recommendations to improve shareholder value. Moreover, it contributes to the maturation of the Korean capital market by promoting a discussion on the revision of spin-off and treasury stock.

• 중소기업연구
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.195-220
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• 2020

본 연구는 2002년부터 2019년까지 유가증권시장(KOSPI)과 코스닥시장(KOSDAQ)에 상장된 대기업 7,074개, 중소기업 2,394개를 대상으로 2011년을 기점으로 의무 도입된 한국채택국제회계기준(K-IFRS) 전후의 대주주지분율과 외국인 주주지분율이 레버리지비율에 미치는 영향을 실증분석 하였으며 분석결과는 다음과 같다. K-IFRS의 도입은 중소기업보다 대기업의 자본구조에 더 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 대기업과 중소기업의 대주주지분율과 외국인주주 지분율은 레버리지비율에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 대기업 및 중소기업 대주주는 부채의 사용을 재무위험으로 인식하여 레버리지비율을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 외국인주주는 K-IFRS 도입 여부와 상관없이 투자 위험을 낮추기 위해 부채사용을 재무위험으로 인식하고 레버리지비율을 감소시키는 방향으로 영향을 준다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2022

Purpose: Controlling and minority shareholders sometimes have conflicting interests. Controlling shareholders who do not have adequate monitoring can exhibit a strong tendency to maximize their personal wealth. In this case, cash holdings can be the easiest means for them to pursue their personal interests. This study examined whether the largest shareholder's ownership proportion affected the speed at which firms adjust their cash holdings to target levels in Korean distribution and service companies. Research design, data, and methodology: The study uses regression analysis to examine 834 firm-year samples listed on the KOSPI between 2013 and 2018 in the distribution and service sectors. Results: The largest shareholder's ownership is positively related to a firm's cash holdings adjustment speed. That is, the larger the largest shareholder's ownership, the faster the firm adjusts its cash holdings to achieve the target level. Conclusions: This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence that the cash holdings adjustment speed in Korean service and distribution companies is affected by the largest shareholder's ownership. As the agency problem between controlling and minority shareholders in Korea is a major issue, minority owners' sensitivity to agency costs may help restrict controlling owners' ability to maximize their personal wealth.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.311-328
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between firm's non financial performance and its shareholder return by analyzing PCA while focusing on the classifying all the variables into three categories such as financial, characteristics, and non financial factors of the firms. Design/methodology/approach - By exploring the pattern of self tender from the 801 firms in KOSPI while focusing on the objective of stock disposal, this paper analyzes the change of shareholder return of the firm. Findings - First, the higher major ownership, the lower self tender gets, whereby the higher ownership by foreigners, the ratio of self tender is higher. Secondly, cash dividend has not significant impact on the disposal of self stock, and the high ratio of ownership by foreigners leads to the high probability of retirement rather than the general disposal. In contrast, the major ownership has a negative impact on the general disposal as well as retirement. Thirdly, the score of non financial factors such as Environment(E), Social responsibility(S), and Governance(G) shows the high value in case of the firms with self tender. More specifically, the firms with retirement has the highest value of ESG while it has the lowest value in case of the firms with general disposal. Research implications or Originality - The retirement which means the active shareholder return is strongly affected by the non financial factors. Specifically, the probability of retirement increases in case of the firms with retirement, and even such a tendency is found to the case of the firms with general disposal.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.31-62
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• 2010

본 연구는 시장효율성을 증대시키는 재무분석가의 이익예측 의사결정에 기업지배구조에서 중추적 역할을 하고 있는 소유구조가 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 분석기간은 2000년부터 2006년까지이며 표본은 증권거래소에 상장된 기업들로 재무분석가의 이익예측치가 존재하는 12월말 결산법인으로 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대주주지분율이 높은 기업은 질 낮은 회계이익을 바탕으로 재무분석가가 낙관적인 이익 예측을 하여 이익예측오차는 크나 대주주와의 우호관계를 통해 기업의 사적정보를 입수할 가능성이 있기 때문에 정확성이 높은 것으로 보인다. 기관투자자지분율이 높은 기업은 질 높은 회계이익을 바탕으로 재무분석가가 신중한 이익예측을 하여 이익예측오차는 감소하나 정확성은 높지 않은 것으로 보인다. 한편, 이러한 결과들은 재무분석가의 이익예측이 낙관적인 집단에 기인하며, 정확성은 상대적으로 떨어지는 집단에 기인하였다. 둘째, 소유구조와 재무분석가의 이익예측간의 관련성에 기업지배구조관련변수들의 영향력을 추가로 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 약간의(marginal) 의미만을 지니며 소유구조 전반으로 일반화하기에는 무리가 있었다. 추후 재무분석가들이 이미 선행연구들에서 밝혀진 기업경영의 투명성에 지대한 공헌을 한 지배구조 변수들을 의사결정 시에 반영하면 이러한 결과들이 더 뚜렷해 질 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 상기의 결과들에도 불구하고 다음과 같은 한계점을 지니고 있다. 재무분석가의 이익예측정확성 차이를 구분함에 있어서 이익예측치의 중위수를 기준으로 높고 낮음을 판단하였다. 이러한 구분은 자의적인 방법이므로 추후 개선된 방법이 필요할 것이다. 그리고 재무분석가들의 이익예측치 발표시점에 대하여 독립변수들을 시장상황에 맞게 대응시키지 못하였다. 마지막으로 소유구조가 재무분석가의 이익예측에 미치는 직접적인 영향과 간접적인 영향을 명확히 구분하지 못하였다. 추후 자본시장의 효율성 증대를 위해 재무분석가가 더 많은 기업에 대해 정보를 제시해야 하며 그들의 제공된 정보가 시장효율성을 왜곡시키지 않도록 많은 견제와 감시제도가 존재해야 할 것이다.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates what factors contribute to management decisions by corporate governance in the Korean stock market. In the paper, dividends and investments were imployed as management decisions and major stockholders' shares and foreign investors' shares were used as corporate governance. Research design, data, and Methodolog - Samples are constructed by manufacturing firms listed on the stock market of Korea as well as those who settle accounts in December from 2001 to 2018. Financial institutions are excluded from the sample as their accounting procedures, governance and regulations differ. This study adopted the panel regression model to assess the sample construction including yearly and cross-sectional data. Results - This results support the literatures that major shareholders showed insignificance to dividends, positive significance to investment in financially unconstrained firms and negative significance to investment in financially constrained firms. Whereas foreign investors favor firms to increase dividends but they decrease investments only in financially constrained firms. Conclusion - This paper documented evidence that financial constrained firms use dividends for their investment and foreign investors decrease investments under financial constraints. But for dividends decisions, foreign investors give significant positive impacts irrespective of financial constraints.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.53-77
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• 2013

As advertising and promotions are categorized as operating expenses, managers tend to reduce marketing budget to improve their short term profitability. Gauging the value and accountability of marketing spending is therefore considered as a major research priority in marketing. To respond this call, recent studies have documented that financial market reacts positively to a firm's marketing activity or marketing related outcomes such as brand equity and customer satisfaction. However, prior studies focus on the relation of marketing variable and financial market variables. This study suggests a channel about how marketing activity increases firm valuation. Specifically, we propose that a firm's marketing activity increases the level of the firm's product market information and thereby the dispersion in financial analysts' earnings forecasts decreases. With less uncertainty about the firm's future prospect, the firm's managers and shareholders have less information asymmetry, which reduces the firm's cost of capital and thereby increases the valuation of the firm. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to examine how informational benefits can mediate the effect of marketing activity on firm value. To test whether marketing activity contributes to increase in firm value by mitigating information asymmetry, this study employs a longitudinal data which contains 12,824 firm-year observations with 2,337 distinct firms from 1981 to 2006. Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q and one-year-ahead buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR). Following prior literature, dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts is used as a proxy for the information gap between management and shareholders. For model specification, to identify mediating effect, the three-step regression approach is adopted. All models are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to test the statistical significance of the mediating effect. The analysis shows that marketing intensity has a significant negative relationship with dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts. After including the mediator variable about analyst dispersion, the effect of marketing intensity on firm value drops from 1.199 (p < .01) to 1.130 (p < .01) in Tobin's Q model and the same effect drops from .192 (p < .01) to .188 (p < .01) in BHAR model. The results suggest that analysts' forecast dispersion partially accounts for the positive effect of marketing on firm valuation. Additionally, the same analysis was conducted with an alternative dependent variable (forecast accuracy) and a marketing metric (advertising intensity). The analysis supports the robustness of the main results. In sum, the results provide empirical evidence that marketing activity can increase shareholder value by mitigating problem of information asymmetry in the capital market. The findings have important implications for managers. First, managers should be cognizant of the role of marketing activity in providing information to the financial market as well as to the consumer market. Thus, managers should take into account investors' reaction when they design marketing communication messages for reducing the cost of capital. Second, this study shows a channel on how marketing creates shareholder value and highlights the accountability of marketing. In addition to the direct impact of marketing on firm value, an indirect channel by reducing information asymmetry should be considered. Potentially, marketing managers can justify their spending from the perspective of increasing long-term shareholder value.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.73-89
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• 2009

Circular shareholdings among three companies are formed when company A owns stock in company B, company B owns stock in company C, and company C owns stock in company A. Since circular shareholdings among large family-controlled firms are used to give the controlling shareholder greater control or more opportunities to expropriate minority investors, the government has encouraged large business groups to gradually remove their circular shareholdings. In this paper, we propose a combinatorial optimization model that can answer the question, which equity investments among complicated investment relationships of one large business group should be removed to resolve its circular shareholdings. To the best knowledge of the authors, our research is the first one that has approached the circular shareholding problem in respect of management science. The proposed combinatorial optimization model are formulated into integer programming problem and applied to some Korean major business groups.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.205-224
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aimed to identify the effects of ownership structures on agency costs in internationally diversified firms listed on the KOSDAQ market. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 5,824 samples were finally selected and empirically analyzed for a total of nine years from 2011 to 2019, during which the International Accounting Standards had been mandatory for firms listed on the KOSDAQ market. Findings - The results of this study showed that the effects of ownership structures on the ratio of asset turnover are positive for the major share and foreign equity ratios of international diversified firms. Moreover, by selecting the ratio of entertainment expenses as a proxy for agency expenses, this study confirmed that the effects of the ownership structure of an international diversified entity on entertainment expenditure were determined to show a significantly negative relation to entertainment expenditure, thus indicating that the higher the ratio of major shareholders, the more appropriately control the expenditure of entertainment expenses through arbitrary private deviations of the management.Furthermore, considering the effect of the ownership structure on the expenditure of sales and administrative expenses as a proxy variable for agency costs, this study verified that the majority share ratio of international diversified firms was negative to the expenditure of sales and administrative expenses, confirming that the higher the share of major shareholders, the lower the selling and administrative costs, but insignificant.Finally, as a result of determining whether the ownership structure of an international diversified firm affects the holding of free cash, the majority share of this firm shows a significantly negative relation to the ratio of the holding of surplus cash, indicating that the higher the proportion of major shareholders, the more appropriately control the holding of the entity's free cash through arbitrary private deviance by the manager. Research implications or Originality - Major shareholders of an internationally diversified firm listed on the KOSDAQ market play a positive role in the firm's performance by properly controlling agency costs that may be incurred by the management.