• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.527-540
• /
• 2020

Donkey in China is well known for its draft purpose and transportation; however, donkey meat has attracted more and more consumers in recent years, yet it lacks sufficient information on its flavor components compared to other main meats. Therefore, in this study, volatile flavor compounds in neck meat of donkey, swine, bovine, and sheep were classified by electronic nose, then confirmed and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography were used to quantify free fatty acid, amino acid, and flavor nucleotide. A total of 73 volatile compounds were identified, and aldehydes were identified as the characteristic flavor compounds in neck meat of donkey, bovine, swine and sheep in proportion of 76.39%, 46.62%, 31.64%, and 35.83%, respectively. Particularly, hexanal was the most abundant volatile flavor. Compared with other neck meat, much higher unsaturated free fatty acids were present in donkeys. Furthermore, neck meat of donkeys showed essential amino acid with highest content. Thus, special flavor and nutrition in donkey neck meat make it probably a candidate for consumers in other regions besides Asia.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.14 no.12
• /
• pp.1141-1153
• /
• 2005

Butyltin compounds (BTs), namely tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), were measured in surface and core sediments collected in 2001 inside Seogwipo Harbor, in order to evaluate their distribution characteristics. Seogwipo Harbor is one of major harbors of Jeju Island where a lot of shipping occurs and is designated as a trade port by the Korea Maritime and Port Law. BTs were detected in surface and core sediments of all stations and their concentrations in surface sediments were low, compared with to those in other sites of domestic and foreign countries. The main species among BTs was MBT, although there was a little difference with a survey site in surface sediments and in core sediments with depth. No or low correlations were obtained between organic matter or particles size of surface and core sediments and total BTs, indicating that these factors did not affect the distribution of BTs. It was estimated that more complex factors including BTs loads and surrounding sedimentary environments, affect the distribution of BTs. The high correlations between BTs indicated that DBT and MBT were mainly degraded from TBT based on antifouling paints of vessel etc. and other sources, such as DBT and MBT, could be ignored. The butyltin degradation indices ([DBT]+[MBT]/[TBT]) in surface sediments were in the range of $2.0\~3.8$ (mean 3.0), indicating that the parent compound, TBT, were inflowed into the surface sediments a long years ago, degraded and deposited. The sedimentation age of BTs contaminated core sediments could not estimated because the content of $^{210}pb$ activity were nearly all the same and so the sedimentation rate could not obtained.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.342-349
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to determine the composition of phenolic substances contained in the leaves of Cirsium setidens (Compositae), validate the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, and determine the in vivo sedative effect of the main component pectolinarin. Six phenolic compounds isolated from C. setidens were spectroscopically identified as chlorogenic acid (1), hyperoside (2), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3), caffeic acid methyl ester (4), linarin (5), and pectolinarin (6) and then used as standard compounds for HPLC analysis. HPLC proved to be precise, accurate, and sensitive for the simultaneous analysis of the phenolic substances. In particular, six compounds showed good regression ($R^2$ > 0.999) within test ranges and recovery was in the range of 95.4 - 104.8%. The content of pectolinarin was considerably higher (156.48 mg/g) than those of other phenolic substances including the other flavone glycoside, linarin (18.99 mg/g). The contents of other phenolic substances, in order, were chlorogenic acid (8.41 mg/g), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5.74 mg/g), hyperoside (4.33 mg/g), and caffeic acid methyl ester (0.51 mg/g). Oral administration with compound 6 (10 and 20 mg/kg) enhanced the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital in mice, indicating that it has a sedative effect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.380-386
• /
• 2015

In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an industrial shipbuilding complex was monitored, and the local characteristics estimated. The major VOC component measured at all of the sampling sites were almost the same as those found at an indoor painting facility, indicating that painting works conducted in the shipyards were a significant source of VOCs in the vicinity of shipbuilding areas. The main parameters affecting the VOCs distribution were the distance between the sampling site and painting work place, and the intensity of the painting works. A quite broad range of VOC concentrations were observed in all of the sampling sites, depending on the intensity of painting works in nearby areas suppressing the typical seasonal and temporal variation trends in VOCs observed in urban areas.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.187-200
• /
• 2013

Current research trends of non-copper wood preservatives for enhancing durability was reviewed; as a follow-up of the review in 2012 on copper-based wood preservatives. Main environmental friendly non-copper wood preservatives studied by many scientists were boron-based compounds, synthetic compounds from natural products, and pyrethroids family of chemicals, etc. The critical issue regarding treated woods with boron-based compounds used outdoors was the leaching of boron. Many studies mainly focused on boron fixation improvement using variety of polymers. Moreover, the studies showed notable increases in attempts to use natural products used commonly in the medical fields as wood preservatives as well as outdoor use of chemical modified such as acetylated wood developed in purpose of stabilizing dimension.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.35 no.7
• /
• pp.1956-1964
• /
• 2014

To provide the scientific corroboration of the traditional uses of Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne., a detailed analytical examination of A. quinata stems was carried out using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method coupled to photodiode array detector (PDA) for the simultaneous determination of four phenolic substances; cuneataside D (1), 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (2), 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3) and calceolarioside B (4). Particular attention was focused on the main compound, 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3), which has a range of biological functions. In addition, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (2) was considered as a discernible marker of A. quinata from its easy confuse plants. The contents of compounds 2 and 3 ranged from 0.72 to 2.68 mg/g and from 1.66 to 5.64 mg/g, respectively. The validation data indicated that this HPLC/PDA assay was used successfully to quantify the four phenolic compounds in A. quinata from different locations using relatively simple conditions and procedures. The pattern-recognition analysis data from 53 samples classified them into two groups, allowing discrimination between A. quinata and comparable herbs. The results suggest that the established HPLC/PDA method is suitable for quantitation and pattern-recognition analyses for a quality evaluation of this medicinal herb.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.224-230
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to identify the content of phenolic and volatile organic compounds in edible and non-edible parts of 'Seolhyang' strawberry plants. We performed a comparative chemical analysis of the compounds found in roots, leaves, petioles, runners, and unripe and ripe fruits during vegetative propagation and reproductive growth. The contents of ellagic and gallic acids in the leaves of runner plants during vegetative propagation were $7.36{\pm}1.10$ and $5.07{\pm}3.66mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ FW, respectively, and were higher than those in the other parts. The main volatile organic compound was identified as 3-hexen-1-ol, and it was mostly detected in leaves. The content of ellagic acid in leaves during reproductive growth was $12.96{\pm}2.30mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ FW, while that in the other parts was below $6.00mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ FW. The content of gallic acid in unripe fruits was $2.75{\pm}0.48mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ FW and was higher than that in the other parts. Ripe fruits contained the lowest contents of ellagic and gallic acids but contained the most diverse volatile organic compounds, including sesquiterpenes, among the tested plant parts. The results indicate that non-edible parts (e.g., leaves and unripe fruits) of strawberry plants can be used as a raw material for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, and edible parts (i.e., ripe fruits) can be available for making an essential oil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2000

Recently, our circumstances are threatened by an accident that leakage of under ground storage tank and illegal dumping of synthetic organic compounds at chemical plants and many treatment methods, Activated carbon adsorption, Ozonization, Membrane filtration and Photocatalystic oxidation, are developed to remove such a synthetic organic compounds. And it has reported that Activated carbon adsorption have a great removal efficiency to nondegradable matters and organic compounds which have a high molecular weight. Comparing with other adsorbents, Activated carbon adsorption have a worse efficiency when ad desorption speed is low. Thus improved type of adsorbents was invented and one of those is Activated Carbon Filter. The purpose of this study was getting information about adsorption characteristic phenol which can be applied Activated Carbon Fiber and Granular Activated Carbon. In detail, With comparing removal characteristics of phenol in the presence Humic Acid using Activated Carbon Fiber(ACF) and Granular Activated. Carbon(GAC), it is to certify an effective application of Activated Carbon Fiber. At the range of this study, Batch test, Isotherm adsorption test and Factorial analysis, following conclusion were obtained from the results of this study. Batch test was carried to know time of adsorption equilibrium. In this study about time of adsorption equilibrium by ACF was faster than GAC's, for developed micropore of ACF. From the result of phenol adsorption test, High removal rate of adsorption is shown at pH 5. The result of lsotherm adsorption test, it has represented that the Freundlich's isotherm is most suitable one in others, that a ACF's adsorption capacity is more excellent than GAC's. Adsorption of phenol exiting humic acid is decreased getting raised humic acid concentration. Since ACF's micropore is developed at this time, an effect of high molecular humic acid is lower. Factorial analysis was carried to know about Main effect which was injection dosage of adsorbent in the range of this study.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2011

The activation of microglia induces the overproduction of inflammatory mediators that are responsible for the neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The large amounts of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) produced by inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) is one of the main inflammatory mediators that can contribute to neurodegeneration. The inhibition of COX-2 thus may provide therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. From the activity-guided purification of EtOAc soluble fraction of Siegesbeckia glabrescens, four compounds were isolated as inhibitors of $PGE_2$ production in LPS-activated microglia. Their structures were determined as 3, 4'-dimethylquercetin (1), 3, 7-dimethylquercetin (2), 3-methylquercetin (3) and 3, 7, 4'-trimethylquercetin (4) by the mass and NMR spectral data analysis. The compounds 1-4 showed dose-dependent inhibition of $PGE_2$ production in LPS-activated microglia with their $IC_{50}$ values of 7.1, 4.9, 4.4, $12.4\;{\mu}M$ respectively. They reduced the expression of protein and mRNA of COX-2 through the inhibition of I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and NF-$\kappa}B$ activity that were correlated with the inactivation of p38 and ERK. Therefore the active compounds from Siegesbeckia glabrescens may have therapeutic effects on neuro-inflammatory diseases through the inhibition of overproduction of $PGE_2$ and suppression of COX-2 overexpression.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.267-273
• /
• 2004

Oxidative stress is associated with many kinds of chronic diseases. Antioxidants such as polyphenols are compounds that protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species. Grape seeds are considered good resources of polyphenols, and grape seed extracts have a very strong antioxidant effect. In the present study, we established a simple gradient reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography method to determine polyphenol content from three different grape seed resources. An ODS (2), $150\;{\times}\;3.2\;mm$ column has been employed, and six polyphenols have been determined: gallic acid, protochatechuic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, and epicatechin gallate. Catechin and epicatechin were the main polyphenol compounds in all three extracts. The amount of procyanidin B2 was higher in Extract 1 (from a company of China), while Extract 2 (extracted in our lab) and Extract 3 (from a company of USA) contained higher proportions of epicatechin gallate. For the total polyphenol content, Extract 1 was much higher than that of Extract 2 and 3. The results suggest that the dietary dose of grape seed extracts from different resources should be adjusted according to polyphenol content.