• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.94-103
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• 2005

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the effects of YTT on allergic bronchial asthma. Methods: The mice were divided into 4 groups induced the allergic bronchial asthma : Three groups(YTT-1, YTT-2, YTT-3) treated YTT and non-treated group(Control). Three oral administration of the herbal solution of YTT were carried out 1 time a day for 2 weeks before antigen sensitization. 2 days later, the mice were sensitized with a subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin(OA) and then 13 days later they were provoked with OA aerosols. Then the cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), serum level of IgE, WBC, RBC and HGB were measured. Results: 1. On the neutrophil in BALF, groups of YTT-2 and YTT-3 are significantly increased compared with the control group. 2. On the eosinophil in BALF, groups of YTT-1 and YTT-3 are significantly decreased compared with the control group. 3. On the lymphocyte in BALF, YTT-3 group is significantly increased compared with the control group. 4. On the macrophage in BALF, groups of YTT-1 and YTT-3 groups tend to increase. 5. On the serum IgE, groups YTT-1, YTT-2 and YTT-3 are significantly decreased compared with the control group. 6. On WBC in blood, groups of YTT-2, YTT-3 are significant1y decreased compared with the control group. Conclusions: Based on the above results, it is assumed that the oral administration of YTT can help the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.19-38
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to find out whether Herba Ephedrae, solely used, and Herbal medicine in which this was included, have inhibitory effects of Nitric Oxide(NO). Methods : We tested the inhibitory effects of Nitric Oxide(NO) with Herba Ephedrae and ten kinds of Herbal medicine combined with Herba Ephedrae(Worlbikachul-Tang, 越婢加朮湯; Mahaengkamsuk-Tang, 麻杏甘石湯; Shinbi-Tang, 神秘湯; Mahwangbujaseshin-Tang, 麻黃附子細辛湯; Euiin-Tang, 薏苡仁湯; Galgeun-Tang, 葛根湯; Mahaengeuigam-Tang, 麻杏薏甘湯; Mahwang-Tang, 麻黃湯; Socheongryong-Tang, 小靑龍湯; Gaemagakban-Tang, 桂麻各半湯) on RAW264.7 cells. Results and Conclusions : 1. We carried out MTT assay on Herba Ephedrae and those decoctions including this in order to determine whether they accommodate cotytoxicity. The results were that Worlbikachul-Tang, Mahaengkamsuk-Tang, Mahwangbujaseshin-Tang, Mahaengeuigam-Tang, Mahwang-Tang, Socheongryong-Tang and Gaemagakban-Tang showed no cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 with 0.1mg/ml and 0.5mg/ml dosages of decoctions but displayed cytotoxicity on the cell with 1mg/ml. Solely used Herba Ephedrae, Shinbi-Tang, Euiin-Tang and Galgeun-Tang exhibited cytotoxicity beyond the concentration of 0.5mg/ml. 2. Worlbikachul-Tang, Mahaengkamsuk-Tang, Shinbi-Tang, Mahwangbujaseshin-Tang, Euiin-Tang, Galgeun-Tang, Mahaengeuigam-Tang, Mahwang-Tang and Socheongryong-Tang showed inhibition of NO production but solely used Herba Ephedrae and Gaemagakban-Tang did not exhibit such reaction.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Objectives : The present study was under taken to characterize chemical composition, antioxidant and cyto-protecting capacity of essential oil obtained from leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Methods : Essential oil from the leafof L. tulipifera L. (EOLL) was extracted by hydro-distillation process and further its chemical composition was evaluated by GC-MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the EOLL was determined by DPPH ^●, ABTS ^●+, superoxide and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activity using different concentrations in the range of 50-800 μg/mL. In addition, cyto-protecting property of the EOLLwas determined by MTT assay on Raw 264.7 macrophage cells challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ O ₂ ). Results : The result of GC-MS analysis showed presence of 34 volatile compounds, principally germacrene D, spathulenol, and α -cadinol in EOLL. The in vitro antioxidant assays of EOLL at the highest used concentration of 800 μg/mL showed 81.62, 84.29, 83.59 and 58.59% inhibition of DPPH ^●, ABTS ^●+, superoxide, and nitric oxide radicals, respectively. It also showed ferric reducing ability with 1310.04 mM Fe (II)/g of essential oil. The EOLL at three different concentrations (200, 400 and 800 μg/mL) protected the cells from H ₂ O ₂ -induced cell damage through scavenging intracellular ROS. Conclusion : The findings from the study suggest that essential oil isolated from leaves of L tulipifera L. is a potent sources of natural antioxidants, which could be used to treat the diseases associated with oxidative stress condition.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.284-290
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• 2012

Innate immune cells sense and respond to the cytoplasmic infection of bacterial pathogens through NLRP3, NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasome depending on the unique molecular pattern of invading pathogens. The infection of flagellin- or type III secretion system (T3SS)-containing Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) triggers NLRC4-dependent caspase-1 activation leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1-beta (IL-$1{\beta}$) and IL-18. Previous studies have shown that apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) is also required for Salmonella-induced caspase-1 activation, but it is still unclear how ASC contributes to the activation of NLRC4 inflammasome in response to S. typhimurium infection. In this study, we demonstrate that S. typhimurium triggers the formation of ASC oligomer in a potassium depletion-independent manner as determined by in vitro crosslinking and in situ fluorescence imaging. Remarkably, inhibition of potassium efflux failed to block Salmonella-promoted caspase-1 activation and macrophage cell death. These results collectively suggest that ASC is substantially oligomerized to facilitate the activation of caspase-1 in response to S. typhimurium infection. Contrary to NLRP3 inflammasome, intracellular potassium depletion is not critical for NLRC4 inflammasome signaling by S. typhimurium.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.123-127
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• 2020

Background: This study was designed using a mouse model of atopic dermatitis [phthalic anhydride (PA)-treated mice], to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of bee venom pharmacopuncture (BVP) in keratinocytes. Methods: Western blot analysis was performed to investigate inflammation related protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, phospho-ERK (p-ERK), and ERK, in LPS (1 ㎍/mL)-activated keratinocytes, following BVP treatment, and in PA-treated mice, after BVP treatment. Griess reaction was performed to investigate NO concentration. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4+, IL-17A+, IL-13 and IL-4 in PA-treated mice after BVP treatment. In addition, monocyte, macrophage, neutrophil, and eosinophil counts were measured to observe the changes in white blood cell infiltration. Results: The keratinocytes of the BVP-treated group showed a decreased expression of iNOS, COX-2, ERK at 5 OX-2, ERK E, and p-ERK at 1, 2 and 5 RKRK ERK ERK, and a dose-dependent decrease in NO concentration at 2 and 5 ntrationof s. In the BVP-treated groups (0.1 μ.1-trea μ.1-treated gr), PA-treated mice showed recovery after 4 weeks which was dose-dependent, showing a significant decrease in clinical scores for AD, and a decreased concentration of IL-13 and IL-4 with BV treatment. There was a dose-dependent decrease in the infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and a decreased thickness of the epidermis due to inflammation, and decreased expressions of iNOS, COX-2, p-ERK, ERK, especially in the 0.1 μ0/mL BVP-treated group, Conclusion: These results suggest that BVP may be an effective alternative treatment for atopic dermatitis.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2012

Objectives : Mori Folium is one of the traditional medicinal herb. It was commonly used for sericulture in the world and has been traditionally administered as natural therapeutic agent for the treatment of filariasis, diabetes and dropsy in East Asia. This study investigated an anti-inflammatory potential of Mori Folium ethanol extract (MFE). Methods : We examined the effects of MFE on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Results : MFE inhibited production of NO and $PGE_2$ in a dose dependent manner and also decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$. As a plausible molecular mechanism, increased degradation of I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and phosphorylation of I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAP kinases by LPS were partly blocked by MFE treatment. Conclusions : These results suggest that MFE has an anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential, which may result from inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and MAPK phosphorylation, thereby decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.190-199
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• 2014

본 연구는 메밀의 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 측정하기 위해 열수 추출을 한 후 ABTS 및 DPPH 라디칼을 통한 항산화 활성 그리고 RAW264.7 세포에서 MTT, NO생성 억제, 단백질 발현량을 분석하였다. ABTS 라디칼과 DPPH 라디칼 활성 측정 시 추출물 농도 의존적으로 소거 활성을 확인하였고, 세포독성 평가에서는 1.0 mg/mL가 적정 농도임을 확인하였다. 열수 추출물 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 그리고 1.0 mg/mL에서 NO생성 억제효능은 0.5, 1.0 mg/mL에서 50% 이상을 나타내었고(p<0.05), 단백질 발현 분석에서 LPS처리그룹에 비해 열수 추출물 처리군이 약 40% 저해하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2014

Ginsan, polysaccharide isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been shown to be a potent immunomodulator, producing several cytokines and stimulating lymphoid cells to proliferate. In this study, ginsan was orally inoculated into BALB/c mice up to 39 days and the activity of immune cells containing macrophages and T cells was analyzed. Moreover, the production of cytokines, e.g., tumor necrotic factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$), GM-CSF and IL-12 was also analyzed. In results, the phagocytosis of macrophages was increased. About 13% cytotoxicity of NK cells was observed in 22 days and 29 days of administration. But, oral administration did not highly affect the proliferation of T cells. In cytokine analysis, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg at 22 days and 29 days showed three times more increase in TNF-${\alpha}$ than the controls. IFN-${\gamma}$ showed 1.07 and 1.16 times more increase at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg over 22 days, respectively more than the controls. 32 days of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg induced GM-CSF of about 1.3 times more than the controls. IL-12 was not induced in samples more than the controls. Ginsan could be a potential immunostimulator. Therefore, our study suggests that it can be adapted as an immunostimulator that requires a relatively short oral administration.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.301-305
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Anisi stellati Fructus Water Extract on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Anisi stellati Fructus were extracted by hot water. Effects of Anisi stellati Fructus water extract (AS) on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay after 20, 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$. For 20 h incubation, AS significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells by $108.6{\pm}1.56%$, $109.5{\pm}1.94%$, $108.4{\pm}1.14%$, and $107.3{\pm}3.06%$ at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ (P < 0.05) respectively. For 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation, AS also significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Anisi stellati Fructus has the immune - enhancing property related with its increase of hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2016

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that stimulates production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which are important for innate immunity. NLRs, i.e., nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, play a crucial role as innate immune sensors and form multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes, which mediate caspase-1-dependent processing of $pro-IL-1{\beta}$. To elucidate the role of inflammasome components in T. gondiiinfected THP-1 macrophages, we examined inflammasome-related gene expression and mechanisms of inflammasome-regulated cytokine $IL-1{\beta}$ secretion. The results revealed a significant upregulation of $IL-1{\beta}$ after T. gondii infection. T. gondii infection also upregulated the expression of inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, NLRP8, NLRP13, AIM2, and NAIP, in a time-dependent manner. The infection also upregulated inflammasome adaptor protein ASC and caspase-1 mRNA levels. From this study, we newly found that T. gondii infection regulates NLRC4, NLRP6, NLRP8, NLRP13, AIM2, and neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein (NAIP) gene expressions in THP-1 macrophages and that the role of the inflammasome-related genes may be critical for mediating the innate immune responses to T. gondii infection.