• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop the optimal nursing fee for nurse-midwifery center (MC) in the national health insurance system. Methods: The three methodologies used to calculate the conversion factors for the MCs in the national health insurance include cost accounting method, sustainable growth rate (SGR) model, and index model. In this study, the macro-economic indicators and the national statistics were used to estimate the conversion factors for the MCs. Results: The optimal nursing fee for the MCs in 2011 was estimated to be an increase of 57.7% by cost accounting analysis, a decrease of 17.1% by SGR model, and a decrease of 16.1% by index model. The results from SGR model and index model could had been biased due to the upswing of medical spendings in the short-term period (2008~2009). A sensitivity analysis of pre-delivery subsidy program for OB & GYN hospitals and clinics showed that the program has substantially diminished the demand for the MC services. Conclusion: More reliable methodologies to estimate nursing fees precisely are required to prove the value of nurses' services and a government subsidy program for the MC services should be followed from a social perspective.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.21-34
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• 2008

Objectives : This paper analysed the alternative methods of calculating conversion factor for oriental medicine in the National Health Insurance and estimated the conversion factor(reimbursing price level) of the oriental medical services, based on health insurance claims data and macro economic data. Methods : Comparing cost accounting method, SGR model, and index model to estimate conversion factor in the national health insurance, six empirical models were derived depending on the scope of revenue considered in financial indicators. Classifications of data and sources used in the analysis were identified as officially released by the government. Results and Conclusion : Cost accounting analysis and SGR model showed a two digit decrease in the physician fee schedule of oriental medical services in the national health insurance, while index model indicated a positive increase in the fee reimbursed. As expected, SGR model measured an overall trend of health expenditures rather than an individual financial status of medical institutions, and index model properly estimated the level of payments to oriental medical doctors. Upon a declining share of health expenditures on oriental medicine, a global budget system fixed to a flat rate of total budget could be an opportunity as well as a challenge.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to present the direction of the plan to transform the residential complex into a space that can provide an open residential environment that can lead to social communication and exchange without being closed to the urban residential environment, especially in the apartment complex environment, which is becoming more dense. As a result of the Openness analysis of the 'Codan Shinonome Canal Court', the overall accessibility was good in terms of space utilization, and the openness was low in terms of the spatial composition, which is a physical environment due to the dense block type. When looking at the overall openness of the Codan Sinonome complex in terms of analysis by block, the corrected openness index (C.O.I) for all six blocks was 0.245, the corrected accessibility index (C.A.I) was 1.447 and the openness composite index (O.C.I) was assessed at 1.692. This was due to the formation of high-density block-type urban dwellings and the introduction of S-shaped streets and the layout of low-rise urban support facilities and commercial facilities. The Codan Sinonome Canal Court, which is considered an "open city residence," quantitatively confirmed that it embodies macro-space structure and human-scale space environment even in high-precision environments.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.19-29
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• 2021

This study aims to measure financial inclusion and examine its impact on income inequality in a panel of 18 Asian countries over the period 1997-2017. Two alternative approaches for developing financial inclusion index are used: one approach following the methodology of Sarma (2008), while the other is the Dynamic Factor Model (DFM)-based index. The impact of individual indicators and index of financial inclusion on inequality in income is analyzed. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) approach is used for empirical analysis. The results indicate that micro-level financial inclusion has a weak negative and statistically significant impact on income inequality. Macro-level index and all individual indicators of financial inclusion do not affect income inequality in the selected sample of economies. The income inequality issues have different natures and cannot be fixed by financial inclusion only. It needs holistic structural reforms to enable fair distribution of income and make an equitable financial system. Financial inclusion is a relatively less important intervention tool regarding fixing the issue of income inequality. This is one of the first studies that used the DFM method for financial inclusion indices construction.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 2014

The subject of this study is the Gongchon-cheon which is one of the largest streams in Incheon and is closely related to lives of citizen. Comparative analysis is made on the changes of the environment and the ecological condition of Gongchon-cheon after the stream naturalization construction which is completed in July 2009. From the results of the survey, 32 species in 2004, 22 species in 2009 and 46 species in 2010 have been recorded. The number of the species decreased from 2004 to 2009 due to the disturbance of the river environment, and it increased in a short time from 2009 to 2010 because of the recovery of the environment. It demonstrates the stream naturalization construction providing enough environments (dikes and rapids) for the benthic macro invertebrates. The result of the present study is similar with the river's biology index, ESB index, and KSI index, and also it is similar with the pattern of the appearance, which illustrates that the species decreased during the naturalization construction, and increased after the stabilization since the finish of the naturalization construction, and it has been confirmed that the naturalization construction provides the better environment for the inhabitation of organisms.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 1998

This paper tries to estimate Korea's import demand function for fisheries using cointegration analysis. The estimation function consists of one dependent variable-import quantity of fisheries(FTIW) and two independent variables-relative price(RP) between importable and domestic products and real income(GDP). As it has been empirically found out that almost all of time series of macro-variables such as GDP, price index are nonstationary, existing studies which ignore this fact need to be reexamined. Conventional econometric method can not analyze nonstationary time series in level. To perform the analysis, time series should be differenciated until stationarity is guaranteed. Unfortunately, the difference method removes the long run element of data, and so leads to difficulties of interpretation. But according to new developed econometric theory, cointegration approach could solve these problems. Therefore this paper proceeds the estimation on the basis of cointegration analysis, because the quartly variables from 1988 to 1997 used in the model is found out to be nonstationary. The estimation results show that all of the variables are statistically significant. Therefore Korea's import demand for fisheries has been strongly affected by the variation of real income and the relative price.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.360-371
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• 1998

In this paper, output precision characteristics of a planar 6 degree-of-freedom parallel mechanisms are investigated, where the 6 degree-of-freedom mechanism is formed by adding an additional link along with an actuated joint in each serial subchain of the planar 3 degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism. Kinematic analysis for the parallel mechanism is performed, and its first-order kinematic characteristics are examined via kinematic isotropic index, maximum and minimum input-output velocity transmission ratios of the mechanisms. Based on this analysis, two types of planar 6 degrees-of-freedom parallel manipulators are selected. Then, dynamic characteristics of the two selected planar 6 degree-of-freedom parallel mechanisms, via Frobenius norms of inertia matrix and power modeling array, are investigated to compare the magnitudes of required control efforts of both three large actuators and three small actuators when the link lengths of three additional links are changed. It can be concluded from the analysis results that each of these two planar 6 degrees-of-freedom parallel mechanisms has an excellent control-in-the-small characteristics and therefore, it can be very effectively employed as a high-precision macro-micro manipulator when both its link lengths and locations of small and large actuators are properly chosen.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.305-336
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• 2022

This study applied the macro-micro simulation model (i.e., what-if analysis) to investigate the impact of transport related to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on poverty and income inequality in Laos. We selected Laos as a case study of a developing country. We used the standard GTAP model with the GTAP database (version 10) for the macrosimulation, whereas we used the household model with the latest Lao household data from 2019 for the microsimulation. Our findings revealed that the output of the Lao economy was anticipated to increase by up to 0.3%, while the poverty rate was anticipated to decline from 17.0% to 15.7%. However, there would be winners and losers in industries and groups of households in different areas. In particular, rich households with a comparative socioeconomic advantage, such as in education, engagement in nonfarm business, and infrastructure access, would mostly gain benefits; consequently, this would lead to higher inequality in Laos. Therefore, the inequality index (i.e., the Gini coefficient) would increase from 41.2 to 60.1. After a simulation of BRI transport, we also found that some nonpoor households, which are mainly associated with farm activities and lower educational levels, would fall into poverty.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2018

In this study, the distribution of sedimentary environment and benthic macro-fauna in habitats and non-habitats of Zostera marina were investigated. The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data about the sedimentary environment and benthic macro-fauna in the habitats and non-habitats of Z. marina. Sand was dominant within habitat environments, whereas the non-habitats were predominantly composed of silt. As a result, the habitats of Z. marina have a different grain size and organic matter content compared to the non-habitats. These differences in the sedimentary environment were expected to influence the species composition of benthic animals. Benthic communities in the habitats of Z. marina showed a higher density and a greater number of species than in the non-habitats. As a result of an ecological index evaluation, the species diversity index (H') was $3.44{\pm}0.10$ for the habitat; the non-habitat was analyzed as $2.34{\pm}0.35$. It was also found that the stability of community in the habitats was higher than that in the non-habitats. The cluster analysis also clearly showed that habitats and non-habitats of Z. marina have distinct characteristics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.457-467
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• 2015

Despite the recent phenomena of Chonsei price increase, low interest rate and low growth, the indexes of financial and insurance industry production showed the results contrary to the common belief that the financial industry is sensitive to such financial crises. This is because the index of financial industry has continuously maintained a certain level of increase as opposed to the index of all industry production. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the dynamic correlation between the index of financial industry production and Chonsei price increase. A vector autoregression (VAR) model, which doesn't have a cointegrating relationship, was used to define the Chonsei price index and the indexes of all industry production and financial and insurance industry, which are macro economic variables, and describe the data. The results of the analysis on the time series data of 183 months from January 2000 to May 2015 showed that Chonsei price increase was not directly derived from the index of financial industry, but the finance industrial index affected Chonsei price increase.