• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.530-543
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• 2006

Adeonoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of salivary glands. It is characterized by a relentless regrowth especially around nerve tissues and a high rate of hematogenous distant metastasis. Clinically most deaths from salivary ACC are caused by delayed lung metastases that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy. So, knowledge of cellular and molecular properties that influence the dissemination of metastatic tumor cells, is important for new treatment strategies of metastatic lesions. We determined expressions of angiogenic signaling molecules microvessel density (MVD) using surgical specimens of human salivary ACC. Protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2, activated VEGFR-2, and human CD31 were assessed in 20 cases of salivary ACC by immunohistochemical staining. Most of the tumors, especially ACC with a tubulocribriform pattern, were positive for antibodies of VEGF, VEGFR-2, and activated VEGFR-2. The overall percentages of the 20 specimens expressing VEGF, VEGFR-2, activated VEGFR-2 were 90, 95, and 95%, respectively. Immunoreactivities of the biomarkers in salivary ACC were higher than those in normal salivary gland. Furthermore, immune-related cells as well as tumor cells expressed VEGF/VEGFR-2. Microvessel density of salivary ACC was higher than that of normal salivary gland (P<0.05). Taken together, angiogenic signaling molecules are actively expressed in salivary ACC. And we suggest that these molecules may have critical role in the hematogenous spread of salivay ACC, which has a propensity for delayed lung metastasis. Therefore, these biomarkers can be molecular targets for therapy of metastasis of salivary ACC.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.340-345
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• 2009

Objective : We investigated the locations of compressing vessels in hemifacial spasm. To approach compression sites, we described and evaluated the efficacy of the infranuchal infrafloccular (INIF) approach. Methods : A retrospective review of 31 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) through INIF with a minimum follow-up of 1 year was performed. Along the intracranial facial nerve, we classified the compression sites into the transitional zone (TRZ), the central nervous system (CNS) segment and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) segment. The INIF approach was used to inspect the CNS segment and the TRZ. Subdural patch graft technique was used in order to achieve watertight dural closure. The cranioplasty was performed using polymethylmethacrylate. The outcome and procedure-related morbidities were evaluated. Results : Twenty-nine patients (93%) showed complete disappearance of spasm. In two patients, the spasm was resolved gradually in 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Late recurrence was noted in one patient (3%). The TRZ has been identified as the only compression site in 19 cases (61.3%), both the TRZ and CNS segment in 11 (35.5%) and the CNS segment only in 1 (3.2%). There was no patient having a compressing vessel in the PNS segment. Infection as a result of cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in one patient (3%). Delayed transient facial weakness occurred in one patient. Conclusion : The TRZ and the CNS segment were more vulnerable area to the compression of vessels. We suggest that surgical avenue with the INIF approach provides early identification of this area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.481-486
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• 2011

The evaluation of supercooled water droplet impingement characteristics of full-scale aircraft components in wind tunnels under icing conditions has been severely limited by the relative size of the component and the test facility. The concept of truncated airfoil sections has been suggested in order to extend the operational range of icing tunnels. With proper deflection of the small trailing-edge flap on the truncated airfoil the local pressure distribution may remain very close to that of the full-scale airfoil. In this study the shape of a truncated flapped airfoil is investigated for various deflection angles. To validate the truncated flapped airfoils, air flow and collection efficiency over the truncated airfoil are compared with the results of the full-scale airfoil obtained from the state-of-the-art icing simulation code.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1121-1125
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• 2004

This paper is studied the fast block mode decision algorithm for H.264/AVC. The fast block mode decision algorithm is consist of block range decision and merge algorithm. The block range decision algorithm classifies the block over 8$\times$8 size or below for 16$\times$16 macroblock to decide the size and type of sub blocks. The block over 8$\times$8 size is divided into the blocks of 16$\times$8, 8$\times$16 and 16$\times$16 size using merging algorithm which is considered MVD(motion vector difference) of 8$\times$8 block. The sub block range decision reduces encoding arithmetic amount by 48.25% on the average more than the case not using block range decision.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.14D no.7
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• pp.801-808
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• 2007

Video coding standards such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.263, and H.264 transmit a compressed video data using wired/wireless communication line with limited bandwidth. Because highly compressed bit-streams is likely to fragile to error from channel noise, video is damaged by error. There have been many research works on error concealment techniques, which recover transmission errors at decoder side [1, 2]. We designed an error concealment technique for lost motion vectors of H.264 video coding. In this paper, we propose a Kalman filter based motion vector recovery scheme, and experimented with standard video sequences. The experimental results show that our scheme restores original motion vector with more precision of 0.91 - 1.12 on average over conventional H.264 decoding with no error recovery.

• Mycobiology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2023

Antrodia cinnamomea, an edible and medicinal fungus with significant economic value and application prospects, is rich in terpenoids, benzenoids, lignans, polysaccharides, and benzoquinone, succinic and maleic derivatives. In this study, the transcriptome of A. cinnamomea cultured on the wood substrates of Cinnamomum glanduliferum (YZM), C. camphora (XZM), and C. kanehirae (NZM) was sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina HiSeq 2000, and the data were assembled by de novo strategy to obtain 78,729 Unigenes with an N50 of 4,463 bp. Compared with public databases, about 11,435, 6,947, and 5,994 Unigenes were annotated to the Non-Redundant (NR), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG), respectively. The comprehensive analysis of the mycelium terpene biosynthesis-related genes in A. cinnamomea revealed that the expression of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (AACT), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD), and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) was significantly higher on NZM compared to the other two wood substrates. Similarly, the expression of geranylgeranyltransferase (GGT) was significantly higher on YZM compared to NZM and XZM, and the expression of farnesyl transferase (FTase) was significantly higher on XZM. Furthermore, the expressions of 2,3-oxidized squalene cyclase (OCS), squalene synthase (SQS), and squalene epoxidase (SE) were significantly higher on NZM. Overall, this study provides a potential approach to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in A. cinnamomea.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

Leucosia anatum, also known as the pebble crab, is a species of crab that belongs to the family Leucosiidae. Crabs are the most conspicuous and abundant components of the epibenthic macrofauna of the mangrove ecosystems. The present investigation was carried out with the objective of enlightening the reproductive system of L.anatum through histological and histochemical studies. Histological analysis of the epithelial cells of vas deferens, the luminal size and shape of the vas deferens was carried out, since the spermatophore material is secreted and molded by the vas deferens. Histochemical analysis of the blood plasma, testis, proximal vas deferens, middle vas deferens, distal vas deferens, seminal plasma and spermatophore was done to reveal the possible transformation of their secretory materials into the spermatophoric components. Biochemical components present in the blood plasma, testis, proximal vas deferens (PVD), median vas deferens (MVD) and distal vas deferens (DVD) regions seminal plasma and spermatophore of pebble crab were analyzed to find out the quantity of free sugars, proteins, and fats. Thus the current study focuses on the histological and histochemical analysis of Testis and Vas Deferens and their secretions in L.anatum.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) to investigate whether the DWI parameters can predict characteristic parameters on pathologic specimens of tumor or not. CFPAC-1 was injected subcutaneously on the back flank of athymic nude mice (n=13) then two tumors were initiated on each mouse (2${\times}$13=26 tumors). The mice were sacrificed to make specimen immediately after initial MR imaging then were compared with the MR image. A dedicated high-field (7T) small-animal MR scanner was used for image acquisitions. A T1 and T2 weighted axial image using RARE technique was acquired to measure the T2 values and tumor size. DWI MR was performed for calculating ADC values. To evaluate tumor cellularity and determine the levels of MVD, tumor cells were excised and processed for H-E staining and immunostaining using CD31. T2 values and ADC values were computed and analyzed for each half of the tumors and compared to the correlated specimens slide. Median ADC within each half of mass was compared to the cellularity and MVD in the correlated area of pathologic slide. The mean of ADC value is $0.7327{\times}10^{-3}$ $mm^2/s$ and standard deviation is $0.1075{\times}10^{-3}$ $mm^2/s$. There is a linear relationship between ADC value and tumor necrosis (R2=0.697, p< 0.001). DW image parameters including the ADC values can be utilized as surrogate markers to assess intratumoral neoangiogenesis and change of the internal structure of tumor cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.183-192
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• 1999

The derivative equation measured of a ${\Delta}MV=Kp*{(EVn-EVn-1)+\frac{1}{Ki/S}* EVn+(Kd/S)*(2PVn-1-PVn-PVn-1)}$ is used on the machine apparatus of industrial field, but this par doesn\`t able to educate now, because we didn\`t have the implementation device of PID module, so the principle implementation system of the PID Module is manufactured and developed. Through this system, the implementation system of PID Module is practiced with that the SV and the set of P, I, D is set on the derivative equation measured of PID. A things to be known of this experiment result is flow. 1)PID module is known that had to be used with the module of A/D and D/A. 2) In process of PV is approached to the SV to follow Kp, Ti and Td to cause a constant of set value on the $MVp=Kp*EV, MV=\frac{1}{Ki}{\int}EVdt, MVd=Td\frac{d}{dt}EV$, the variable rate of E and Kp, Td, Ti in that table 1 is analysed, is same as flow. (1)If Kp is high, PV is near fast to the SV, but Kp is small, PV is near slowly to the SV. (2)If Ki is shot, PV is close fast to the SV, but Ti is high, PV is close slowly to the SV (3)If Td is high, the variable rate of E press hardly when because it doesn\`t increase, but Td is small, the variable rate of E press not hardly, upper with 1), 2), PID module is supposed that be able to do the A/S and an implementation of that apparatus, and getting a success of aim that an engineer want, on control of temperature, tension, velocity, amount of flow, power of wind end so on, to get the principle of automatic implementation in industrial field with cooperation of A/D and D/A module.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7651-7656
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• 2013

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in both developed and developing countries. The burden is increasing in low-income and middle-income countries (LMCs) and threatens the public health of such societies. Introduction of expensive monoclonal antibodies to cancer treatment regimens poses a real challenge in the health systems of LMCs. Despite controversy of cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab in breast cancer, some studies indicate gain of patients from this drug. The present study aimed to propose a priority setting model for administration of anti-angiogenic agents in breast cancer via assessment of tumor angiogenesis by the microvessel density (MVD) method and associations with clinicopathological characteristics (including simultaneous mutations of TP53 and HER-2 genes). Materials and Methods: Age, axillary lymph nodes status, tumor size, stage and grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors status, HER-2/neu status (by immunohistochemistry and FISH test), TP53 mutation, Ki-67 (for proliferation assay) and CD34 (for angiogenesis assay) were assessed in 111 breast cancer patients. The molecular subtype of each tumor was also determined and correlations of simultaneous mutations of HER-2 and p53 genes with angiogenesis and other clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated. Results: There were significant associations between simultaneous mutations of HER-2 and p53 genes and all other parameters except tumor size. The degree of angiogenesis in the ERBB2 subtype was greater than the others. Younger patients showed a higher angiogenesis rate rather those older than 50 years. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that patients with simultaneous mutations of HER-2 and p53 genes, those with ERBB2 molecular subtype and also younger women (often triple negative) seem more eligible for obtaining anti-angiogenic agents. These results suggest a model for priority setting of patients with breast cancer for treatment with anti-angiogenic drugs in LMCs.