• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 1998

Change of IgG production of feline mononuclear cell(MNC) was evalual vitro. MNC was treated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) before cortisol administration. tisol induced change of B cell subpopulation with surface IgG and reduced IgG prods against virus. However, before treatment o$\ulcorner$ MNC with LPS induced increasement of subpopulation with surface IgG and IgG production against virus. These results impel: diminution of IgG production by cortisol is well again by LPS treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2000

고양이 말초혈액 다형핵백혈구 (PMN)의 유주활성에 있어서 계난백유래물질 (EWD)의 면역증강 효과를 검토하였다. PMN의 유주활성은 EWD 그 자체 및 EWD로 배양한 PMN의 배양상층액에서는 활성이 존재하지 않았다. 그러나 EWD로 배양한 MNC 배양상층액에서는 PMN에 대한 유주활성이 증가되었다. 본 활성은 checkerboard assay를 통해 진성 유주활성으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 고양이 PMN 유주활성은 human recombinant interleukin-8(hr IL-8)에 의해서도 증가되었다. IL-8의 또 다른 특성인 세포 형태변형 실험에서도 EWD로 배양한 MNC의 배양상층액과 hr IL-8 모두에서 높은 수준의 세포 형태변형효과를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 EWD로 배양한 MNC의 배양상층액과 hr IL-8 모두에서 증가된 PMN의 유주활성 및 세포변형효과는 anti-human IL-8mAb에 의해 농도의존적으로 억제되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 EWD는 고양이 PMN의 유주활성에 있어서 면역증강 효과가 있으며, 이것은 EWD에의해 활성화된 MNC에서 분비되는 IL-8양 유주성 인자에 의해 PMN의 유주활성 증가 및 세포 형태 변형이 일어나는 것으로 사료되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1434-1437
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• 2004

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of montmorillonite anocomposite (MNC) on mercury residues in growing/finishing pigs. A total of 96 cross bred pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}large$ white, 48 barrows and gilts respectively), with similar initial weight (27.87${\pm}$1.15 kg), were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to two concentrations of mercury (0.1 and 0.3 ppm from $HgCl_2$) and two levels (0 and 0.3%) of MNC in a $2{\times}2$factorial arrangement of treatments. Each group has 3 pens (replications), and each pen has 8 pigs (4 barrows and 4 gilts). The experiment lasted for 90 days. The results showed that pig growth performances were not affected significantly by inclusion of Hg and addition of MNC (p$\geq$0.05). It indicated that the extent of intoxication in these pigs were not severe enough to impair growth performances. Both on the bases of 0.1 ppm and 0.3 ppm mercury supplementations, addition of 0.3% MNC markedly decreased mercury levels of blood, muscle, kidney and liver tissue (p<0.05). These results implied that the addition of non-nutritive sorptive material, MNC, could effectively reduce the gastrointestinal absorption of mercury via its specific adsorption, with a consequent reduction of mercury residues in body tissues. MNC had offered an encouraging solution to produce safe animal products with mercury contaminated feed.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.275-301
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• 2011

This study examines antecedent factors that influence subsidiaries' MNC (multinational corporation) knowledge adoption. I argue that subsidiary local environmental factors(local embeddedness, level of local competition), subsidiary organizational factors(parent investment, subsidiary CEO expatriation, scope of subsidiary value chain), and subsidiary relational factors(subsidiary autonomy, the strength of subsidiary in MNC, social capital) are the important enablers for subsidiaries to adopt knowledge from other MNC units. Especially, I use two data set (knowledge from (1) peer subsidiaries, (2) parent company) to estimate the effect of the factors. The results indicate that subsidiary local embeddedness and scope of subsidiary value chain negatively influence on subsidiary knowledge adoption from peer subsidiaries. Conversely, the strength of subsidiary in MNC and social capital positively influence on that. Subsidiary knowledge adoption from parent company is positively influenced by parent investment and social capital.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_1
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• pp.1545-1557
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• 2021

Crops show sensitive spectral characteristics according to their species and growth conditions and although frequent observation is required especially in summer, it is difficult to utilize optical satellite images due to the rainy season. To solve this problem, Constrained Cloud-Maximum Normalized difference vegetation index Composite (CC-MNC) algorithm was developed to generate periodic composite images with minimal cloud effect. In thisstudy, using this method, monthly Sentinel-2A/B Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composite images were produced for paddies and high-latitude cabbage fields from 2019 to 2021. In August 2020, which received 200mm more precipitation than other periods, the effect of clouds, was also significant in MODIS NDVI 16-day composite product. Except for this period, the CC-MNC method was able to reduce the cloud ratio of 45.4% of the original daily image to 14.9%. In the case of rice paddy, there was no significant difference between Sentinel-2A/B and MODIS NDVI values. In addition, it was possible to monitor the rice growth cycle well even with a revisit cycle 5 days. In the case of high-latitude cabbage fields, Sentinel-2A/B showed the short growth cycle of cabbage well, but MODIS showed limitations in spatial resolution. In addition, the CC-MNC method showed that cloud pixels were used for compositing at the harvest time, suggesting that the View Zenith Angle (VZA) threshold needsto be adjusted according to the domestic region.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.485-515
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• 2009

In this study aims to research and analyze what are decision factors between a wholly-owned subsidiary and a international company cooperation in the internationalization process. From 57 primary studies found 26 observed variables for aggregation of effect size in the using "Fixed Effect Model" on this mata-analysis. The article also links the theories that are used in the literature, not considered in the most of primary studies, to the empirical results and recommends global management strategy which is needed for business practical affairs. According to the result, the meta-analysis suggests that the number of employees of a MNC, the geological and cultural differneces between the host country and home country, the country-specific international experience of the MNC and export intensity, the international product diversification, the market growth and the market size of the foreign operations, and resource intensity of the foreign operations, the legal restrictions in the host country and the country risk of the home country do exert a significant effect on the decision between cooperative arrangement and a wholly-owned subsidiary. Conversely, for a large number of variables, no significant relationship seems to exist based on the combined results. This is the case, for example, for factor specificity, the r&d-intensity, the subsidiary size, the assets of the MNC and the sales volume of the MNC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6955-6960
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• 2014

Background: The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is a standard cytogenetic tool employed to evaluate chromosomal damage subsequent to pesticide exposure. Objectives: To evaluate the pooled levels of total micronuclei (MN) and binucleated cells with micronuclei (MNC) in 1000 binucleated lymphocytes among population occupationally exposed to pesticides and further determine the more sensitive biomarker of CBMN. Materials and Methods: A meta-analysis on the pooled levels of MN and MNC in binucleated lymphocytes among occupationally pesticide-exposed populations was conducted using STATA 10.0 software and Review Manager 5.0.24 in this study. Results: We found significant differences in frequencies of MN and MNC in 1000 binucleated lymphocytes between pesticide-exposed groups and controls, and the summary estimates of weighted mean difference were 6.82 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 4.86-8.78] and 5.08 (95% CI: 2.93-7.23), respectively. However, when we conducted sensitivity analyses further, only the MN remained statistically different, but not the MNC, the summary estimates of weight mean difference were 2.86 (95% CI: 2.51-3.21) and 0.50 (95% CI: -0.16-1.17), respectively. We also observed pesticide-exposed subjects had significantly higher MN frequencies than controls among smokers and nonsmokers, male and female populations, and American, Asian and European countries in stratified analyses. Conclusions: The frequency of MN in peripheral blood lymphocytes might be a more sensitive indicator of early genetic effects than MNC using the CBMN assay for occupationally pesticide-exposed populations.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.189-206
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper attempted to verify the process by which a multinational corporation (MNC)'s subsidiary practices entrepreneurship to create effective knowledge (KC) in the local market. We have looked at whether subsidiary entrepreneurship (SENT) has a moderation effect in creating knowledge for the local market when a subsidiary has been given autonomy (AUT) from the headquarters (HQ). We also argue that when a subsidiary creates meaningful knowledge, the effect of the increased status by the HQ within the MNC network position (NP) has an indirect effect on whether knowledge is transferred to other overseas subsidiaries (KTO). Design/methodology - This paper used a structural equation model (SEM) of 282 effective foreign companies invested in Korea. To test the hypothesis about the process of SENT on KTO, descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, convergent and discriminant validities, and common method bias were analyzed using STATA. In addition, the moderation effect was verified along with SEM. The moderation effect of AUT on SENT and KC was presented graphically by confirming \mathrm{\pm1} standard deviation of AUT for the main effect. Findings - Our findings are as follows. First, while the hypothesis about the direct effect of SENT and KC on KTO was not supported, all other hypotheses were supported. Second, both the AUT and moderating effect and the indirect effect of NP were significant. In the conclusion, these findings are discussed in relation to its various theoretical and practical implications. Originality/value - This study attempted to contribute to the knowledge creation theory of MNC by contemplating how subsidiaries can move away from HQ and grow in the local market. Although there is still a shortage of foreign investment in the Korean market, our practical implications offer guidance for how current subsidiaries can develop more than other overseas subsidiaries.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.53-67
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• 2019

Reverse knowledge transfer has been an important research theme in the literature on multinational corporations (MNCs). This paper proposes major determinants of MNC headquarters' willingness to adopt and use marketing knowledge from their subsidiaries. We argue that the willingness will be jointly determined by both the headquarter's absorptive capacity and the focal subsidiary's transfer capacity and willingness to transfer. In addition, we argue that these capability and motivation effects are moderated by (1) institutional distance between home and the focal host country, (2) the need to unlearn existing routines, and (3) types of entry modes. This paper contributes to the reverse knowledge transfer literature by proposing the argument that both motivational and capability factors are likely to determine the MNC parents' willingness to adopt and use marketing knowledge from their subsidiaries.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.137-155
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the antecedents and consequences of host country managers (HCMs)' acculturative stress in multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiaries in Korea. We suggest that HCMs' national identification (NI) positively and organizational identification (OI) negatively influence on the HCMs' acculturative stress. In addition, we propose that HCMs' OI negatively moderate the relationship between HCMs' NI and acculturative stress. Moreover, we hypothesize a negative relationship between HCMs' acculturative stress and work engagement. To test these hypotheses, we performed hierarchical regression analysis and mediation analysis of 643 HCMs in 60 MNC subsidiaries that originate from 11 countries. Results of analyses revealed that all the hypotheses were supported except H1 (positive relationship between HCMs' NI and acculturative stress). The present findings provide theoretical and managerial implications, and we provide suggestion for future research.