• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.540-551
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• 2020

Sporotrichosis is a chronic and subacute mycosis causing epidemiological outbreaks involving sick cats and humans in southeastern Brazil. The systemic disease prevails in cats and in humans, with the symptoms restricted to the skin of immunocompetent individuals. Under these conditions, the prolonged treatment of animals and cases of recurrence justify the discovery of new treatments for sporotrichosis. This work addresses the antifungal activity of silver salts of Keggin-type heteropolyacid salts (Ag-HPA salts) such as Ag₃[PW₁₂O₄₀], Ag₆[SiW₁₀V₂O₄₀], Ag₄[SiW₁₂O₄₀] and Ag₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀] and interactions with the antifungal drugs itraconazole (ITC), terbinafine (TBF) and amphotericin B (AMB) on the yeast and mycelia forms of Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. yeast cells were susceptible to Ag-HPA salts at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 8 to 128 ㎍/ml. Interactions between Ag₃[PW₁₂O₄₀] and Ag₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀] with itraconazole and amphotericin B resulted in higher antifungal activity with a reduction in growth and melanization. Treated cells showed changes in cell membrane integrity, vacuolization, cytoplasm disorder, and membrane detachment. Promising antifungal activity for treating sporotrichosis was observed for the Ag-HPA salts Ag₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀] and Ag₃[PW₁₂O₄₀], which have a low cost, high yield and activity at low concentrations. However, further evaluation of in vivo tests is still required.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1544-1548
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 QRDRs의 유전자 돌연변이와 목시플로사신의 농도와의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 목시플로사신의 농도를 단계적으로 높여가며 Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis)에 작용시켜 목시플로사신에 내성을 갖는 균주 6주(M1, M4, M8, M16, M32, M64)를 만들었고, 이 돌연변이주들의 MIC는 각각 0.5, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 ${\mu}g$/ml이었다. 이 균들의 염기서열을 분석하였더니 모든 돌연변이주들에서 Arg163Thr (GyrA), Pro445Gln (ParE) 아미노산 치환이 관찰 되었고, 목시플로사신의 농도가 높아질수록 Ser153Lys (GyrA, ${\geq}4{\mu}g$/ml), Ser91Ile (ParC, ${\geq}16{\mu}g/ml$), Val450Phe (GyrB, ${\geq}64{\mu}g/ml$) 등과 같은 아미노산의 치환이 추가로 관찰되었다. 이러한 아미노산의 치환이 목시플로사신의 내성과 연관이 있는 것으로 생각되며, 특히 GyrB 단백질의 아미노산 치환은 목시플로사신의 고도 내성과 연관이 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.422-427
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• 2006

Helicobacter pylori에 대하여 항균효과가 가장 높은 Fomitopsis pinicola를 동정하고 저해물질의 성질에 관한 연구를 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론이 얻어졌다. H. pylori에 대한 항균력이 가장크게 나타난 네팔에서 채취한 F. pinicola의 동정결과는 F. pinicola AY854083로 밝혀졌다. F. pinicola의 균사체는 액상배양을 시작한 후 5일이 경과하면서 H. pylori에 대한 항균력이 나타났으며 8일 이후부터 가장 높았다. 그러나 균사체 추출물에서는 항균력이 나타나지 않았다. F. pinicola 균사체 8일 배양액의 H. pylori에 대한 최소억제 농도는 $0.25\;mg/m{\ell}$ 이었고, 배양액의 낮은 pH (pH 2.0)가 H. pylori의 생육억제에 영향을 주지만 중화를 하여도 H. pylori에 대한 항균력은 유지되었다. F. pinicola 균사체 8일 배양액을 DEAE-sephadex A-25 LC로 분리하여 Fp-P1, Fp-P2 및 Fp-P3를 얻었으며 H. pylori에 대한 항균력은 Fp-P1에서만 나타났다. Fp-P1을 thin layer chromatography로 분리하였으며 H. pylori에 대한 항균력은 $R_{f}$ 값이 0.67인 Fp-T3에서만 나타났다. F. pinicola 균사체 8일 배양액, Fp-P1, Fp-T3를 HPLC의 Waters symmetry $300\;C_{18}\;5\;{\mu}m$ column ($3.9{\times}150\;mm$)으로 분리한 결과 Fp-T3에서 단일 peak만 남았으며 이것이 H. pylori에 대한 항균력을 확인하였다. H. pylori에 대한 항균력을 나타내는 F. pinicola 균사체 배양액에서 분리 정제한 물질은 BioLC 분석과 TLC 발색결과로써 아미노기를 포함한 당으로 사료된다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2008

오이 흰가루병 저항성 검정을 위한 시험조건을 설정하고, 경기지역 오이 주산단지에서 분리한 흰가루병 병원균의 약제 저항성 정도와 흰가루병 방제농약의 서로 다른 계통별 저항성을 검정하기 위해 시험 약제를 농도별로 오이 잎에 살포한 잎 디스크 위에 채집한 병원균을 접종 배양하여 $7{\sim}9$일 후에 현미경을 이용, 발병도를 조사하였다. difenoconazole에 대한 약제 감수성 정도를 조사한 결과 평택 분리주들은 대체로 중도저항성이었으나, 2005년 오산에서 분리한 2개 균주들은 $300{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서도 발병도가 높게 나타나 저항성 균주로 판단되었다. fenarimol에 대한 약제 감수성 정도는 평택, 오산, 용인 3지역이 대체적으로 중도저항성 또는 감수성으로 나타났으나, 오산에서 분리한 1개 분리주에서 $300{\mu}g/ml$에서도 발병하여 저항성 균주로 판단되었다. strobilurin 계통 농약에 대해서는 대부분 저항성으로 나타났으며, $1,000{\mu}g/ml$과 $2,000{\mu}g/ml$에서도 발병도의 변화가 없었으며 kresoximmethyl에 대해서도 교차저항성을 나타내었다. carbendazim에 대한 흰가루병 채집 균주의 감수성은 $1,200{\mu}g/ml$에서도 발병하여 저항성을 나타내었다. 약제 계통별 오이 흰가루병 포장 시험 결과 잎 디스크시험에서 저항성을 보인 strobilurin 계통의 농약에 대한 방제가는 azoxystrobin이 41.2%, kresoxim-methyl이 29.6%의 낮은 방제효과를 나타내어 금후 사용량을 줄여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2015

Phenyllactic acid (PLA) which is known as antimicrobial compound can be synthesized through the reduction of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB producing PLA was isolated from Korea Kimchi and identified to Lactobacillus plantarum SJ21 by 16 rRNA gene sequence analysis. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) from L. plantarum SJ21 was assessed for both the capability to produce the antimicrobial compound PLA and the antifungal activity against four fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, and Collectotricum aculatum). PLA concentration was investigated to be 3.23mM in CFS when L. plantarum SJ21 was grown in MRS broth containing 5mM PPA for 16 h. PLA production also could be promoted by the supplement of PPA and phenylalanine in MRS broth, but inhibited by the supplement of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and tyrosine as precursors. Antifungal activity demonstrated that all fungal pathogens were sensitive to 5% CFS (v/v) of L. plantarum SJ21 with average growth inhibitions ranging from 27.32% to 69.05% (p<0.005), in which R. solani was the most sensitive to 69.05% and followed by B. cinerea, C. aculatum, and A. oryzae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for commercial PLA was also investigated to show the same trend in the range from $0.35mg\;mL^{-1}$ (2.11 mM) to $0.7mg\;mL^{-1}$ (4.21 mM) at pH 4.0. The inhibition ability of CFS against the pathogens was not affected by heating or protease treatment. However, pH modification in CFS to 6.5 caused an extreme reduction in their antifungal activity. These results may indicate that antifungal activities in CFS were caused by acidic compounds like PLA or organic acids rather than proteins or peptides molecules.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

This purpose of this study was to develop a tea with small red bean which have been known to have effect regarding anti-obesity, fatigue recovery, edema recovery, blood circulation, etc. In order to provide baseline data for small red bean tea we investigated the general components, antioxidative effect and proanthocyanidin analysis in small red beans[Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight.]. Physicochemical analysis(pH, sugar content, salinity, turbidity), color, anti oralmicrobial activity, content of saponin and sensory test of small red bean with different boiling time in 8 minutes(SR1), 16 minutes(SR2), 24 minutes(SR3), 32 minutes(SR4), 40 minutes(SR5) was also measured. It was shown that the crude fat, carbohydrate, moisture, crude protein, crude ash content of small red bean were 1.0%, 63.9%, 12.8%, 18.7%, 3.6%. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content increased significantly (p<0.001). The results of analyzed proanthocyanidin was distinguished by characteristic UV-visible spectra with absorption maximum at 320 nm($t_R$ 7.589 min). As the boiling time(8 minutes:SR1, 16 minutes:SR2, 24 minutes:SR3, 32 minutes:SR4, 40 minutes:SR5) of small red beans increaseds, the pH significantly decreased(p<0.001). The sugar content, salinity and turbidity significantly increased(p<0.001). Moreover, Hunter L, a and b values, crude saponin also increased(p<0.001). The results of analyzed activity against oral bacteria, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a higher antibacterial activities than E. coli and S. aureus. MIC was measured that S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a lower MICs than E. coli and S. aureus. The results regarding sensory test measures, In case of color, refreshing taste and overall quality, SR3 had the highest preference overall among tested samples. In cases conceming odor and taste, SR5 had the highest preference and with regards to sweetness and saltyness, SR4 had the highest preference.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1986

Fifty-one strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from various clinical specimens. Among them, 26 (51%) strains were gentamicin-resistant (Gm') and 25 (49%) were susceptible to gentamicin (Gm'). The frequencies of resistant strains to piperacillin (Pi), cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone (Cz), and amikacin (Ak) ranged from 21.6 to 31.4%, and $MIC_{50}$ of these drugs were lower than the critical concentrations of susceptibility and resistance. Thirty (58.8%) strains were multiply resistant to 12 or more drugs. All Gm' strains were multiply resistant to 12 or more drugs and one was resistant to all 18 drugs tested, while only four Gm' strains were multiply resistant to 12 drugs and the multiplicity of resistance of the other Gm' strains were less than 10 drugs. Resistance to Gm appeared to have a significant correlation with the resistance to tobramycin (Tb), Ak, Pi, and Cz. All Gm' strains were resistant to Tb and about 38.4 to 46.1% of them were resistant to Ak, Pi, and Cz. The incorporation of $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ ions in Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) did not influence the MICs of Gm, Tb, carbenicillin (Cb), Pi, and Cz as compared with the results obtained in MHA without these ions. Gm strains were studied on the combined effect of beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides by the methods of checkerboard and modified paper strip diffusion. Most Gm' strains showed significant synergistic effects by the FIC index between Ak and three beta-lactam antibiotics; Cb, Pi, and Cz, but these results did not in agreement the results obtained through the method of modified paper strip diffusion test. In order to know the nature of the drug resistance of P. aernginosa, the plasmid profile analysis was studied. Agarose gel electrophoresis of lysates processed by the method of Kado and Liu showed one or more plasmids in 22 (43.1%) strains. A group of 19 strains showed at least one band of plasmid and three strains two bands. The range of the molecular weight of plasmids was 3.8 to 243 Mdal. All strains carrying large plasmids larger than 200 Mdal were isolated from wound specimens. Three Gm' strains also harboured the plasm ids of 13 to 203 Mdal.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2009

This study has shown the screening of anti-bacterial activity of three Indian medicinal plant choloroform : methanol (50:50) solvent leaf extracts (i.e. Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Curcuma longa) with different concentrations (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, and 0.156 mg/ml) under in vitro conditions against fish pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio harveyi, V. anguillarum, and Edwardsiella tarda isolated from olive flounder farms, Jeju Island, South Korea. The anti-microbial activity of the A. indica and O. sanctum extracts yielded the zones of growth inhibition (ZI) was 3 and 1mm against A. hydrophila at concentration of 0.156 mg/ml when compared to that of tetracycline standard (3 mm). At highest concentration (10 mg/ml) of A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa, high inhibition was 9, 7, and 6 mm when compared to that of tetracycline (11 mm) against A. hydrophila. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa at 0.156 mg/ml that yield 9, 10, and 13 CFU/ml for A. hydrophila, 16, 22, and 25 CFU/ml for S. iniae and 18, 22, and 23 CFU/ml for E. tarda compared to the tetracycline. At highest concentration (10 mg/ml) of the three extracts was better inhibiting the growth of A. hydrophila, S. iniae and E. tarda. A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa were determined to the potential antioxidant activityon the basis of their scavenging activity of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. A. indica extract was 0.625 mg/ml which indicated that the strong anti-oxidant activity. However, O. sanctum and C. longa extracts showed weak anti-oxidant activity at this concentration. Hence, in vitro assay among the pathogens, A. hydropila is better inhibitory activity of the extracts. It is evident that the Indian medicinal plants extracts were subjected to its effectiveness against A. hydrophila, S. iniae, and E.tarda at low concentrations. The obtained results in the present study suggested that the Indian plant extracts is a prevention tools for Korean olive flounder aquaculture pathogens and its need further advance investigation.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.727-734
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• 2013

본 연구는 치즈 숙성 중 오염원인 곰팡이균 제거기술 개발의 일환으로 수행하였다. 치즈 및 치즈 숙성실에서 자생하는 곰팡이를 분리하고, 지역별 김치로부터 유산균을 분리하여 치즈 곰팡이에 대한 항진균 활성을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 치즈와 치즈 숙성실에 분리된 곰팡이는 총 8종으로Penicillium과 Cladosporium으로 동정되었다. 지역별 김치로부터 분리된 유산균은 총 44종이고 이 중 항진균 활성을 보인 유산균 22종을 동정한 결과 Lactobacillus와 Pediococcus로 확인되었다. 동정된 김치 분리 유산균 22종 중 항진균 활성도가 높은 유산균 6종(L. sakei subsp. ALJ011, L. sakei subsp. ALI033, L. sakei subsp. ALGy039, P. pentosaceus ALJ015, P. pentosaceus ALJ024, P. pentosaceus ALJ026)을 선발하여, 치즈 곰팡이균 8종에 대하여 항진균 활성을 측정한 결과 전주지역 김치에서 분리한 유산균인 P. pentosaceus ALJ015, P. pentosaceus ALJ024과 임실지역 김치에서 분리한 유산균인 L. sakei subsp. ALI033 균주가 치즈 곰팡이에 대한 항진균 활성이 높게 나타났다. 치즈 곰팡이에 대한 유산균 배양액의 최소저해 농도를 측정해 본 결과, 생육저지환으로 알아본 항균활성 실험과 동일하게 분리 곰팡이균 8종에 대하여L. sakei subsp. ALI033 유산균의 항진균 활성이 가장 크게 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1735-1743
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• 2010

The full-length genes gyrB (2,415 bp), parC (2,277 bp), and parE (1,896 bp) in Edwardsiella tarda were cloned by PCR with degenerate primers based on the sequence of the respective quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR), followed by elongation of 5' and 3' ends using cassette ligation-mediated PCR (CLMP). Analysis of the cloned genes revealed open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins of 804 (GyrB), 758 (ParC), and 631 (ParE) amino acids with conserved gyrase/topoisomerase features and motifs important for enzymatic function. The ORFs were preceded by putative promoters, ribosome binding sites, and inverted repeats with the potential to form cruciform structures for binding of DNA-binding proteins. When comparing the deduced amino acid sequences of E. tarda GyrB, ParC, and ParE with those of the corresponding proteins in other bacteria, they were found to be most closely related to Escherichia coli GyrB (87.6% identity), Klebsiella pneumoniae ParC (78.8% identity), and Salmonella Typhimurium ParE (89.5% identity), respectively. The two topoisomerase genes, parC and parE, were found to be contiguous on the E. tarda chromosome. All 18 quinolone-resistant isolates obtained from Korea thus far did not contain subunit alternations apart from a substitution in GyrA (Ser83$\rightarrow$Arg). However, an alteration in the QRDR of ParC (Ser84$\rightarrow$Ile) following an amino acid substitution in GyrA (Asp87$\rightarrow$Gly) was detected in E. tarda mutants selected in vitro at $8{\mu}g/ml$ ciprofloxacin (CIP). A mutant with a GyrB (Ser464$\rightarrow$Leu) and GyrA (Asp87$\rightarrow$Gly) substitution did not show a significant increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CIP. None of the in vitro mutants exhibited mutations in parE. Thus, gyrA and parC should be considered to be the primary and secondary targets, respectively, of quinolones in E. tarda.