• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.63-78
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• 2002

Kupunggibodan(KU), Gamisamul-tang(GA) and Whangryunhaedok-tang(WH) are clinically the most popular prescriptions as an herbal medicine in the treatment of ischemia. In order to compare and evaluate their protective effects on the ischema-induced cognitive deficits by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we examined its ability to improve ischemia-induced cell loss and impairements of learning and memory in the Morris water maze and eight-arm radial arm maze. Focal cerebral ischemia produced a marked cell loss, decrease in acetylcholinesterase(AchE) reactivity in the hippocampus, and learning and memory deficits in two behavioral tasks. Pretreatment with WH (100 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a substantial increase in acquisition in the Morris water maze. Pretreatment with KU increased the perfomance of the resention test in the Morris water maze. WH, KU and GA caused a significant improvement in choice accuracy in radial arm maze test. WH was superior to KU and GA in perfomance of the radial arm maze test. Consistent with behavioral data, staining with cresyl violet showed that pretreatments with WH, but not KU and GA significantly recovered the ischemia-induced cell loss in the hippcampal CA1 area. In addition, pretreatments with WH and KU recovered the ischemia-induced reduction of AchE reactivity in the hippocampal CA1 area. These results demonstrated that KU, GA and WH have protective effects against ischimea-induced learning and memory impairments and that the efficacy was the order of WH>KU>GA in tratment of ischemia induced memory deficits. The present studies provide an evidence of KU, GA and WH as putative treatment of vascular dementia. Supported by a fund from the Ministry of Health and Welfare(HMP-00-OO-04-0004), and the Brain Korea 21 Project from Korean Ministry of Education, Korea.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.685-690
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• 2002

The mitogen-stimulated serine/threonine kinase $p70^{S6k}$ plays an important role in the progression of cells from $G_0/G$_1$$ to S phase of the cell cycle by translational up-regulation of a family of mRNA transcripts family of mRNA transcripts which contain polypyrimidine tract at their 5 transcriptional start site. Here, we report that $p70^{S6k}$ was constitutively phosphorylated and activated to various degrees in serum-deprived AGS, A2058, HT-1376, MG63, MCF7, MDA-MB-435S, MDA-MB-231 and MB-157. Rapamycin treatment induced a significant dephosphorylation and inactivation of $p70^{S6k}$ in all cancer cell lines, while wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3-K, caused a mild dephosphorylation of $p70^{S6k}$ in AGS, MDA-MB-435S and MB-157. In addition, SQ20006, methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor, reduced the phosphorylation of $p70^{S6k}$ in all cancer cells tested. Consistent with inhibitory effect of rapamycin on $p70^{S6k}$ activity, rapamycin inhibited [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation and increased the number of cells at $G_{0}G_{1}$ phase. Furthermore, these inhibitory effects were accompanied by the decrease in growth of cancer cells. Taken together, the results indicate that the antiproliferative activity of rapamycin might be attributed to cell cycle arrest at $G_{0}G_{1}$ phase in human cancer cells through the inhibition of constitutively activated $p70^{S6k}$ of cancer cells and suggest $p70^{S6k}$ as a potential target for therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or inhibiting tumor growth.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

This study showed the increase of antitumor activities of water soluble E. sinica extract by nano-encapsulation process with lecithin. Five groups of lecithin only group (LO), lecithin nano-encapsulated E. sinica group (LE), E. sinica only group (EO), one negative control group (NCO) and positive control group (PCO) were set for several anticancer experiment and fed into Sarcoma-180 injected mice. The cytotoxicity of LE on the human normal kidney cell (HEK293) showed 14.8% lower than 19.2% of EO and 18.4% of LO. Growth of human liver carcinoma cell and human stomach carcinoma cell as representative of digestive system in vitro was inhibited up to about 85.1% and 87.3%, in adding 1.0 mg/$m{\ell}$ of LE, which values 15% higher than that from conventional EO. The survival rates of each mice group were 40%, 63%, 48%, 33% and 100%, respectively after 40 days of injecting Sarcoma-180. The increment of their body weights of the extract feeding groups was suppressed down to 10~15%, compared to the negative control. The nano-particles also reduced the hypertrophy of the internal organs such as spleen and liver down to 15~20%, compared to those as the other groups. Among them, LE effectively reduced the size of tumor form to 20%. From these results, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of E. sinica could be enhanced by using nano-encapsulation process with lecithin because of better permeation into the cancer cells by confocal observations.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.356-362
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• 2015

제주산 손바닥 선인장의 엽상경을 열수와 70% 에탄올로 추출한 후 분획하여 총 페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량과 항산화 활성 및 항염증 활성을 측정하였다. 총 페놀 함량은 에틸 아세테이트 분획물이 784 mg GAE/g으로 가장 높았고 그 다음으로 부탄올 분획물(452), 헥산 분획물(220) 순이었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량도 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 214 mg GE/g으로 가장 높았고 헥산 분획물(113), 부탄올 분획물(76) 순이었다. 에틸아세테이트 분획물, 부탄올 분획물, 헥산 분획물의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능($IC_{50}$)은 각각 103, 359, $469{\mu}g/mL$였고, ABTS 라디칼 소거능($IC_{50}$)도 각각 105, 379, $605{\mu}g/mL$로 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 가장 높았다. 유해산소 억제 능력(ORAC)은 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 $391{\mu}M$ TE로 가장 높은 활성을 보였고 부탄올 분획물(117), 헥산 분획물(64) 순이었지만, superoxide anion 소거 활성($IC_{50}$, ${\mu}g/mL$)은 에틸아세테이트 분획물(40), 부탄올 분획물(69), 70% 에탄올(98) 순이었다. RAW264.7 세포에 의한 NO 생성 저해능($IC_{50}$, ${\mu}g/mL$)은 헥산 분획물(62), 에틸아세테이트 분획물(104), 부탄올 분획물(465) 순으로 높은 활성을 보였다. 세포독성 대비 NO 생성 저해 활성을 나타내는 SI 지수는 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 4.63으로 가장 높았고, 다음으로는 헥산 분획물(3.37), 부탄올 분획물(2.14), 증류수 추출물(1.66) 순으로, 양성 대조군으로 사용한 quercetin(6.25)보다는 낮았다. 결론적으로 제주산 손바닥 선인장 엽상경의 추출물과 분획물 중에서 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 항산화 활성과 항염 활성이 가장 높았으며, 이는 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량에 기인하는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.659-667
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• 2000

국내 생산과 소비가 많은 대표적 조미 채소 가운데 하나인 대파를 원료로 절단 가공 후 세척 및 포장재 적용에 따른 저온저장 중 품질 특성의 변화를 살펴보았다. 전처리 방법으로서 무수세, 냉수세, 염소수 처리 등을 적용한 후 $63\;{\mu}m$ 두께의 폴리에틸렌 필름에 포장하여 $10^{\circ}C$에 저장하면서 생균수 및 관능적 특성을 측정한 결과, 무처리 대조구와 비교했을 때 냉수세나 염소수 처리는 절단 대파의 미생물학적 품질에는 그다지 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으나 외관의 관능평가에 있어서는 냉수세나 염소수 처리구가 상대적으로 우수하게 나타났다. 또한 절단가공 및 냉수세 처리후 각기 두께가 다른 폴리에틸렌 필름(22, 36, $63\;{\mu}m$)에 밀봉 포장하여 $10^{\circ}C$에 저장한 결과, 대조구인 통기성 천공 필름 포장구에 비해 밀봉 포장구가 품질유지에 유리 하였으며 필름의 기체투과도가 낮은 두꺼운 필름일수록 저장 중 이화학적, 미생물학적, 관능적 측면에서 시료의 품질변화가 적게 나타났다. 저장 13일째 중온 호기성 세균수는 대조구가 $3.07{\times}10^6}$ CFU/g인데 반해 밀봉 포장구는 필름 두께별로 $2.02{\times}10^5,\;1.75{\times}10^5,\;1.74{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$을 나타내었고, 관능적 평가에서도 두께 $63\;{\mu}m$의 polyethylene 필름(600 $O_2\;mL/day{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}atm;\;2,500\;CO_2\;mL/day{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}atm$)으로 밀봉한 포장구가 가장 우수하여 저장 18일까지 초기 품질을 거의 그대로 유지할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2011

본 연구는 당에 의해 유도된 HIT-T15를 이용하여 항당뇨 소재로 잘 알려져 있는 오미자 및 뽕잎 추출물의 인슐린 분비능에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 오미자 발효주정 추출물과 뽕잎 열수 추출물의 총 폴리페놀함량은 각각 $20.11{\pm}0.35$ mg/g 및 $50.02{\pm}0.62$ mg/g이었으며, 총 플라보노이드함량은 $2.85{\pm}0.15$ mg/g 및 $8.76{\pm}0.43$ mg/g 이었다. 전자공여능은 뽕잎 열수 추출물이 $83.21{\pm}3.96%$로 오미자 발효 주정 추출물의 $60.84{\pm}1.86%$보다 높았으며 오미자 및 뽕잎 추출물의 ORAC은 각각 $32.22{\pm}1.46$, $63.54{\pm}2.52\;{\mu}moles$ TE/g였는데, 뽕잎 열수 추출물이 오미자 발효주정 추출물보다 높은 항산화능을 보여주었다. Glucose 10 mM 농도를 처리한 HIT-T15에 오미자 발효주정 추출물 $100{\mu}g/mL$ 첨가시 인슐린 생산량은 2배 정도 증가되었다. 고농도인 16.7 mM의 glucose가 처리된 HIT-T15의 인슐린 생산량($1.54{\pm}0.09{\mu}g/g$ protein)은 glucose 무첨가에서 생산되는 인슐린량($1.06{\pm}0.04{\mu}g/g$ protein)과 유사하였는데 뽕잎 열수추출물 $100{\mu}g/mL$ 첨가에 의해 인슐린 생산성은 대략 6.7배 정도 향상되었다. 따라서 오미자 발효주정 추출물과 뽕잎의 열수 추출물이 고농도의 당으로부터 유도되는 췌장세포의 인슐린 분비를 개선시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.351-362
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• 1998

Microbial growth efficiency in the rumen was studied in sheep given hourly, 31.25 g oaten chaff with either 0.31 and 0.88 g urea or 1.88 and 5.63 g casein (exp. 1) and 33.33 g oaten chaff with 1.04 casein or 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g urea or the mixture of the casein and urea (exp. 2). Concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia increased with increasing nitrogenous supplements. Organic matter digestibility in sacco in the rumen was not different irrespective of N sources. Isoacids and valeric acid increased with increasing ingested casein but decreased with increasing urea intake. Peptide and amino acid pools in ruminal fluid increased with increasing ammonia concentrations (exp. 2) suggesting that proteolytic activity and transportation of peptides and amino acids across microbial membrane of rumen microbes may be regulated by the metabolite mechanism (intracellular amino acids and $NH_4{^+}$, respectively). Densities of total viable and cellulolytic bacteria in ruminal fluid increased with increasing ammonia levels but that of small Entodinia decreased. The density of fungal sporangia growth on oat leaf blades decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations but appeared to remain constant in the presence of casein. Efficiency of net microbial cell synthesis was 15-28% higher when ammonia concentrations increased from 100 to above 200 mg N/l regardless of N sources. In conclusion, supplementation of preformed protein had no effect on rumen digestion and microbial growth efficiency. This could not be accounted for its effect on ruminal fluid ammonia. Increased microbial growth efficiency with increasing ammonia levels may be due to a reduction in the turnover of microbial cells within the rumen.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1047-1053
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• 2005

Cyclosporin A binding protein type-19 kDa peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIases, EC 5.2.1.8) of Euglena gracilis was purified and some of its biochemical characters were elucidated. Purification of the PPIase was achieved by employing a series of steps involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, Superdex G-75 gel filtration chromatography, Mono­Q anion and Mono-S cation exchange chromatographies, and Superdex S-200 gel filtration chromatography on FPLC. Purified PPIase had a specific activity of 8,250 units/mg, showing a 27-fold increase compared with that of cell-free extract of Euglena gracilis. The enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 19 kDa. It showed high substrate specificity to succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide, and $k_{car}/K_{m}$, for this substrate was found to be $61.19{\times}10^5/sec$. The isomer distributions were investigated at an equilibrium of seven different peptide substrates, varying Xaa in Suc-Ala-Xaa-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide in dimethylsulfoxide. The cis/trans equilibrium constants were estimated to be from 0.14 (Ile) to 0.63 (Gly), which correspond to $12.00\%\;to\;38.52\%$ of the cis population, respectively, under experimental condition. The enzyme was highly sensitive to the immunosuppressive ligand cyclosporin A, but not to other immunosuppressants such as FK506 and rapamycin. Thus, it appears to belong to the class of cyclophilin.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2013

This study investigated the food biochemical characterization of commercial seasoned sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi (CSS). The proximate composition of CSS was 77.2-82.7% moisture, 7.1-9.1% crude protein, 0.3-2.6% crude lipid and 3.5-6.3% ash. Taste compound contents of CSS were 2.3-5.4% salinity (saltiness), 0.42-1.12 g/100 g total acidity (sourness) and 114.9-330.2 mg/100 g amino nitrogen (taste intensity). The Hunter color values of CSS were 23.79-32.50 for lightness, 9.97-20.45 for redness, 14.01-20.96 for yellowness and 64.50-76.63 for color difference. The odor intensity of CSS was 35.0-62.0. According to these results, there were large differences in proximate composition, taste compounds, Hunter color values and odor intensity of CSS. Viable cell counts ranged from 6.20 to 7.69 log (CFU/g), and most of the viable cells comprised of lactic acid-forming bacteria. CSS was not detected in the coliform group.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.689-697
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• 2020

Objective : Cerebral edema is the predominant mechanism of secondary inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist has been shown to play a role in regulation of central nervous system inflammation. Here, we examined the pharmacological effects of pioglitazone in an ICH mouse model and investigated its regulation on NLRP3 inflammasome and glucose metabolism. Methods : The ICH model was established in C57 BL/6 mice by the stereotactical inoculation of blood (30 µL) into the right frontal lobe. The treatment group was administered i.p. pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) for 1, 3, and 6 days. The control group was administered i.p. phosphate-buffered saline for 1, 3, and 6 days. We investigated brain water contents, NLRP3 expression, and changes in the metabolites in the ICH model using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results : On day 3, brain edema in the mice treated with pioglitazone was decreased more than that in the control group. Expression levels of NLRP3 in the ICH model treated with pioglitazone were decreased more than those of the control mice on days 3 and 7. The pioglitazone group showed higher levels of glycolytic metabolites than those in the ICH mice. Lactate production was increased in the ICH mice treated with pioglitazone. Conclusion : Our results demonstrated less brain swelling following ICH in mice treated with pioglitazone. Pioglitazone decreased NLRP3-related brain edema and increased anaerobic glycolysis, resulting in the production of lactate in the ICH mice model. NLRP3 might be a therapeutic target for ICH recovery.