• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.610-616
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• 2021

Background: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) acts as a master switch for inflammatory responses. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) which is an active ingredient of Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae) is known to possess various therapeutic effects. However, a modulatory effect of Rg3 on TSLP expression in the inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. Methods: We investigated antiinflammatory effects of Rg3 on an in vitro model using HMC-1 cells stimulated by PMA plus calcium ionophore (PMACI), as well as an in vivo model using PMA-induced mouse ear edema. TSLP and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or real-time PCR analysis. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression levels were detected using Western blot analysis. Results: Rg3 treatment restrained the production and mRNA expression levels of TSLP and VEGF in activated HMC-1 cells. Rg3 down-regulated the MDM2 expression level increased by PMACI stimulation. The HIF1α expression level was also reduced by Rg3 in activated HMC-1 cells. In addition, Rg3-administered mice showed the decreased redness and ear thickness in PMA-irritated ear edema. Rg3 inhibited the TSLP and VEGF levels in the serum and ear tissue homogenate. Moreover, the MDM2 and HIF1α expression levels in the ear tissue homogenate were suppressed by Rg3. Conclusion: Taken together, the current study identifies new mechanistic evidence about MDM2/HIF1α pathway in the antiinflammatory effect of Rg3, providing a new effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases.

• BMB Reports
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2022

The acute response to hypoxia is mainly driven by hypoxia-inducible factors, but their effects gradually subside with time. Hypoxia-specific histone modifications may be important for the stable maintenance of long-term adaptation to hypoxia. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic alterations of histones under hypoxic conditions. We found that the phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser-10 (H3S10) was noticeably attenuated after hypoxic challenge, which was mediated by the inhibition of aurora kinase B (AURKB). To understand the role of AURKB in epigenetic regulation, DNA microarray and transcription factor binding site analyses combined with proteomics analysis were performed. Under normoxia, phosphorylated AURKB, in concert with the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), phosphorylates H3S10, which allows the AURKB-REST complex to access the MDM2 proto-oncogene. REST then acts as a transcriptional repressor of MDM2 and downregulates its expression. Under hypoxia, AURKB is dephosphorylated and the AURKB-REST complex fails to access MDM2, leading to the upregulation of its expression. In this study, we present a case of hypoxia-specific epigenetic regulation of the oxygen-sensitive AURKB signaling pathway. To better understand the cellular adaptation to hypoxia, it is worthwhile to further investigate the epigenetic regulation of genes under hypoxic conditions.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.171-175
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• 1981

국내(國內) 산란(産卵)노계(老鷄)와 브로일러로부터 수동(手動) 및 기계발골(機械拔骨)을 할 때의 수율(收率), 발골육(拔骨肉)의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組性), 기계적(機械的) 특성(特性) 저장성(貯藏性), 미생물수(微生物數) 등을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 수동발골의 경우 35%, 기계발골의 경우 45%의 산육수율(産肉收率)을 보여 1차 수동발골을 거친 후 기계발골을 병행(竝行)할 경우 총 산육량(産肉量)은 도체중(屠體重)의 80%에 이르렀다. 2. 기계발골육(器械拔骨肉)은 수분(水分) 65%, 단백질(蛋白質) 12%, 지방(脂肪) 1.7%, Ca $0.2{\sim}0.4%$로서 수동(手動)발(拔)골육(骨肉)에 비해 수분(水分)과 단백질은 낮고 지방(脂肪), 회분(灰分) 및 Ca은 현저히 높았다. 또한 기계(器械)발(拔)골육(骨肉)의 총색소(色素)함량(含量)은 수동발골역(手動拔骨肉)의 2.5배로서 이는 주로 해모그로빈의 증가에 기인하였다. 3. 기계발골육(機械拔骨肉)의 고기 g당 유화능력(乳化能力)은 수동발골육(手動拔骨肉)의 70%에 불과하였으나 단백질 g당 유화능력은 오히려 더 높았는데 이는 기계발골육(機械拔骨肉)의 염용성(鹽溶性) 단백질(蛋白質)의 구성비(構成比)가 수동발골육(手動拔骨肉)보다 높았기 때문이었다. 4. $-20^{\circ}C$에서 냉동(冷凍)저장(貯藏)하는 동안 기계발골육(機械骨肉)의 TBA값은 4주(週)후부터 급격히 증가하였으며 유화능력(乳化能力)도 4주후부터는 낮아져 기계발골육(機械拔骨肉)의 저장(貯藏)은 4주(週) 이내가 권장되었다. 또한 저장 중의 미생물수(微生物數)는 큰 변화없이 $1.8{\times}10^{6}\;cells/g$으로서 수동발골육(手動拔骨肉)의 미생물수(微生物數)와 큰 차이가 없었다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2017

모바일 단말기의 확산과 더불어 많은 조직에서 직원과 방문자의 업무 효율과 보안을 위해 BYOD 개념을 MDM을 활용하여 구현하고 있다. 그러나 응용 수준에서의 단말기 장치 통제는 보안의 근본적 해결책이 될 수 없다는 문제점이 발생한다. 본 논문은 보다 근본적이고 유연한 보안 정책을 수립하는 방법으로서 모바일 단말기의 커널 수준에서 리눅스 보안 모듈(Linux Security Module)을 사용하여 강제적 접근 제어 방식으로 단말기 장치를 통제하는 방식과 절차를 제안한다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.249-256
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• 1986

In this paper, we propose the MDM algorithm by which one can desing an FIR filter that is maximally flat and requires no multiplication. We use the modified MAXFLAT subroutive of Kaiser to achieve the maximally-flat characteristics. The filter coefficients are encoded in MDM-code and the optimal stepsize is determined the steepest- descent method. Simulation results shows that the FIR filter designed is almost maximally-flat in passband, but has about -30dB ripples in stopband due to MDM quantization error.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.373-384
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• 2001

Cellular proliferation is an intricately regulated process mediated by the coordinated interactions of critical growth control genes. Two of these factors in mammalian cells are the p53 and mdm-2 genes. A protein product of the mem-2 oncogene has been recently shown to associate with the protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene p53. The p53 tumor suppressor protein is stabilized in response to DNA damage and other stress signals and causes the cell to undergo growth arrest or apoptosis, thus preventing the establishment of mutations in future cellular generations. Mutation or loss of p53 is a very common event in tumor progression. It occurs in about 50% of all tumors analysed including of colon, lung, breast and liver. The cellular mdm-2 gene, which has potential transforming activity that can be activated by overexpression, is amplified in a significant percentage of human sarcoma and in other mammalian tumors. Proteins encoded by the mdm-2 gene are able to bind to the p53 protein and, when overexpressed, can inhibit p53's transcriptional activation function, thus mdm-2 can act as a negative regulator of p53 function. Experimental study was performed to observe the relationship between p53 gene mutation and mdm-2 protein expression and apply the results to the clinical activity. 36 golden syrian hamster each weighing $60{\sim}80g$ were used and painted with 0.5% DMBA by 3 times weekly on the right buccal cheek(experimental side) for 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks. Left buccal cheek(control side) was treated with mineral oil as the same manner to the right side. The hamsters were sacrificed on the 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 & 16 weeks. Normal and tumor tissues from paraffin block were examined for histology and immunohistochemistry observation, and were completely dissected by microdissection and DNA from both tissue were isolated by proteins K/phenol/chloroform extraction. Segments of the hamster p53 exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 were amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotide primers, and then confirmational change was observed by SSCP respectively. The results were as follows : 1. Dysplasia at 6 weeks, carcinoma in situ at 8 weeks and invasive carcinoma from 10 weeks could be observed in experimental groups. 2. p53 mutations were detected in 10 of the 36(28%) and the exons 6(6 of the 10 : 60%) was the most hot spot area among the highy conserved region(exons 5, 6, 7 & 8). 3. Immunohistochemical study confirmed 22 of the 36(61%) of p53 expression involving 10 of p53 mutations. 4. mdm-2 expression of was showed in 3 of the 36(8%) involving 1 of the 22 of p53 expression and 2 of the 14 of p53 non-expression. From the above results, mutation of p53 gene or expression of p53 protein may have the influence of the DMBA induced carcinoma of hamster buccal pouch but the expression of mdm-2 protein may not have relationship with tumorigenesis.

• 컴퓨터교육학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2014

모바일 오피스 환경이 점차 증가하여 스마트폰 태블릿 PC 기기 등 모바일 장비가 기업, 학교, 공공기관 등 장소에 구애 받지 않고 많이 활용되고 있다. 이에 따른 보안 위협도 지속적으로 발생하여 효과적인 보안 관리정책과 기술적 보안이 요구되고 있다. 이러한 BYOD(Bring Your Own Device) 환경에서 기술적인 보안을 위한 해결책으로 네트워크기반통제 솔루션, MDM(Mobile Device Management), MAM(Mobile Application Management), MCM(Mobile Contents Management)등이 출시되어 정보 보안에 활용되고 있다. 그러나 BYOD의 보안 솔루션을 선정함에 있어 표준 가이드라인 및 품질 평가 기준이 미흡하여 품질 평가 모델이 요구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 최근 가장 범용적으로 사용되고 있는 MDM 솔루션을 선택하여 그 특징을 살펴보고 ISO/IEC25010의 소프트웨어 품질특성에 기반을 두어 제품 속성 분석 및 품질 평가 요소를 도출, 관련 메트릭스를 산출하였다. 품질 평가 모델 검증을 위해 보안점검 항목 및 테스트 수행 방안을 정하고 사례연구를 통하여 메트릭스를 적용하고 분석하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권13호
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• pp.5277-5281
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• 2014

Published studies have evaluated associations between the MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism and bladder cancer susceptibility. However, these generated inconsistent results. The aim of the present investigation was to quantify the strength of association between MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism and bladder cancer risk by conducting a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and Embase for related studies that had been published in English before April 1, 2014 and associations were assessed by summarizing the odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Five case-control studies with a total of 972 cases and 1,012 controls were finally identified to be eligible for the meta-analysis. Overall, the results indicated that there was no significant association between the MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism and bladder cancer risk (for the allele model G vs. T: OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.85-1.36, p=0.54; for the co-dominant model GG vs. TT: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.74-1.93, p=0.46; for the dominant model GG+GT vs. TT: OR=0.98, 95% CI 0.80-1.20, p=0.83; for the recessive model GG vs. GT+TT: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.83-1.74, p=0.33). However, on subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significant associations were found in Caucasians in three models (for the allele model G vs. T: OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.10-1.81, p=0.006; for the co-dominant model GG vs. TT: OR=2.16, 95% CI 1.28-3.63, p=0.004; for the recessive model GG vs. GT+TT: OR=2.06, 95% CI 1.31-3.22, p=0.002). In summary, the present meta-analysis provides evidence that the genotype for the MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism may be associated with genetic susceptibility to bladder cancer among Caucasians.

• 정보보호학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2013

최근 들어 비즈니스 환경이 모바일과 클라우드 화 되고 있으며, 그에 따른 보안기술은 핵심적인 이슈로 손꼽히고 있다. 모바일 디바이스의 개인과 기업 활용도가 높아지면서 이로 인한 정보 유출 위험성이 심각한 문제로 제기되고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위한 다양한 보안정책이나 가이드가 제시되고 있지만, 모바일 보안에 대하여 명확한 규정이나 솔루션이 없었기 때문에, 보안담당자와 IT기획담당자들은 그 필요성과 적용 방법에 대하여 의문을 가지고 있는 것이 현실이다. 2011년부터 국내 개발사들이 MDM제품을 출시하면서 국내 모바일 업무 환경에 대한 본격적인 보안 해법들이 제시되고 있다. 본 고에서는 모바일 업무 환경에서의 보안에 대한 올바른 이해와 실제적인 적용 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.263-269
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• 2002

The p53 tumor suppressor gene is among the most frequently mutated and studied genes in human cancer, but the mechanisms by which it sur presses tumor formation remain unclear. DNA damage regulates both the protein levels of p53 and its affinity for specific DNA sequences. Stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage is caused by its dissociation from Mdm2, a downstream target gene of p53 and a protein that targets p53 for degradation in the proteosome. Recent studies have suggested that phosphorylation of human p53 at Ser20 is important for stabilizing p53 in response to DNA damage through disruption of the interaction between Mdm2 and p53. We generated mice with an allele encoding changes at Ser20, known to be essential for p53 accumulation following DNA damage, to enable analyses of p53 stabilization in vivo. Our data showed that the mutant p53 was clearly defective for full stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage. We concluded that Ser20 phosphorylation is critical for modulating the negative regulation of p53 by Mdm2, probably through phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of p53-Mdm2 interaction in the physiological context.