• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.236-242
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• 2011

In this present study, we investigated the anti-oxidant activity, the inhibition ability of lipid peroxidation, and the protective effect of cow pulmonary epithelium (CPAE) cells under oxidative stress using green tea and 3 types of fermented teas of Jeju Island. To compare the physiological activity of non-fermented and 3 types of fermented teas, the fermented time was controlled with 0 hr. (non fermented tea, G), 12 hrs. (20% fermented tea, F20), 17 hrs. (50% fermented tea, F50) and 24 hrs. (80% fermented tea, F80), respectively. Scavenging ability on DPPH radicals of 80 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration of F20 was similar to that of 50 ${\mu}M$ epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) but it was stronger than those of G, F50 and F80. All extracts tested inhibited LDL oxidation but G and F20 inhibited LDL oxidation 25~30% more than F50 and F80 at 40 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration which was similar to that of 50 ${\mu}M$ EGCG. We observed that the CPAE cells treated with the tea extracts had a significant increase in cell viability, especially the cells under oxidative stress with 1 mM $H_2O_2$ as compared with the control group (no treatment with tea extracts). These findings suggested that all tea extracts containing fermented tea had a protective effect on oxidative stressed CPAE cells through their free radical scavenging activity. It can be concluded that F20 extracted from 20% fermented tea has the most significant antioxidative effects that inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect the CPAE cells under oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 1995

The density of ATP-sensitive potassium($K_{APT}$) channels, that open as intracellular ATP concentration falls below a critical level, is very high in skeletal muscle surface membrane and those high density may imply that $K_{ATP}$ channels have very important physiological roles. To elucidate a role of $K_{ATP}$ in relation to fatigue, the modulating effects of potassium channel openers and blockers on the fatigue velocity(FV) of mouse extensor hallucis longus muscle(EHL) were investigated in vitro. Twitch contraction was induced by an electrical field stimulation (EFS: 24-48V, 20ms, 0.2-4Hz) and resulting contraction force was isometrically recorded. The twitch forces were gradually decreased to 25% of initial contraction force(ICF) in $37.52{\pm}1.55sec$($mean{\pm}s.e.m.$, n=135), indicating the fatigue phenomena. The mean velocity for development of the fatigue was measured during the period that twitch force decreased to half($FV_{0/0.5}$) and during the period from half to 25%($FV_{0.5/0.25}$) of ICF. The fatigue was induced once every one hour and the tissue response was stable for up to 4 hours. In control condition, ICF was $5.8{\pm}0.12g$ (n=144) and decreased to 50% of ICF with the mean fatigue velocity of $0.182{\pm}0.006g/sec$($FV_{0/0.5}$, n=135) and from 50% to 25% of ICF with $0.084{\pm}0.004g/sec$($FV_{0.5/0.25}$, n=135). Cromakalim($50{\mu}M$) significantly increased $FV_{0.5/0.25}$(n=4). Glibenclamide($IC_{50}>50{\mu}M$), $Ba^{2+}$($IC_{50}=10{\mu}M$), 4-aminopyridine($FV_{0/0.5}$, $IC_{50}=0.5mM$; $FV_{0.5/0.25}$, $IC_{50}=2mM$) decreased both $FV_{0/0.5}$ and $FV_{0.5/0.25}$ concentration-dependently up to 75%. $TEA^+$(30mM), E-4031($10{\mu}M$), tolbutamide(1mM) decreased $FV_{0.5/0.25}$, but apamin(300nM) and $TEA^+$(10mM) showed no significant effects. Our results suggest that activation of the $K_{ATP}$ channels may be major cause of $K^+$ outflux during development of the fatigue and the isolated EHL muscle could be an useful experimental preparation in studying the fatigue phenomena in skeletal muscle. In addition, the possibility of activation of delayed rectifier during the fatigue development remains to be studied further.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.128-130
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• 1999

In vitro activity of commonly used antimicrobial agents against several clinical isolates were studied. In the case of E. coli, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100, 25, 0.2, 100<, 3.13, and $12.5{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of K . pneumoniae, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, crfazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 12.5, 100<, 0.1, 100<, 1.6, and $0.4{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of Enterobacter sp, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100, 100<, 6.25, 100<, 100 and $1.57{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of Acinetobacter sp, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100<, 100<, 100<, 100< 100< and $50{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$ , respectively. In the case of Pseudomonas sp, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 100<, 100<, 100<, 50, 100<, 25 and $25{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$, respectively. In the case of S. aureus, the MICs at which 90% of the bacteria are inhibited of ampicillin, Unasyn, cefazoline, cefotaxim, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ofloxacin were 50, 50, 100<, 100<, 50, 50, and $100{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/m$, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2008

In this study, the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on elastase, and components of Cayratia japonica extracts were investigated. The free radical(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities($FSC_{50}$) of extract/fractions of Cayratia japonica were in the order: 50% ethanol extract(114.3 ${\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$). Reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavenging activities($OSC_{50}$) of some Cayratia japonica extracts in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The order of ROS scavenging activities were deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction($OSC_{50},\;3.30{\mu}g/mL$)<50% ethanol extract(1.21 ${\mu}g/mL$)${\mu}g/mL$). Ethyl acetate fraction showed the most prominent scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of Cayratia japonica on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The Cayratia japonica extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner($1{\sim}25{\mu}g/mL$), particularly deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction exhibited the most prominent celluar protective effect(${\tau}_{50}$, 175.05min at 25 ${\mu}g/mL$). Aglycone fractions obtained from the deglycosylation reaction of ethyl acetate fraction among the Cayratia japonica extracts, showed 2 bands in TLC and 2 peaks in HPLC experiments(360 nm). Two components were identified as luteolin(composition ratio, 47.50%), apigenin(52.50). TLC chromatogram of ethyl acetate fraction of Cayratia japonica extract revealed 3 bands and HPLC chromatogram showed 4 peaks, which were identified as luteolin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside(composition ratio, 11.14%), apigenin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronopyranoside(15.38%), luteolin(23.55%) and apigenin(49.92%) in the order of elution time. The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction on elastase($IC_{50},\;70.5{\mu}g/mL$) was very high. These results indicate that extract/fractions of Cayratia japonica can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. And component analysis of Cayratia japonica extract and antioxidative effects could be applicable to new cosmetics.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.772-781
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytoprotective effects of 50% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of the 50% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction were 621.5 and $253.0{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Total antioxidant capacities ($OSC_{50}$) of the extract and fraction were 13.6 and $3.0{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the ethyl acetate fraction for Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were 156, $1,250{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, indicating similar or higher levels of those of using methyl paraben. Cytoprotective effects of the 50% ethanol extract against $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage (${\tau}_{50}$) showed in a dose dependent manner at 4 to $64{\mu}g/mL$. ${\tau}_{50}$ of the 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol at $16{\mu}g/mL$ were 36.4, 45.0 and 45.8 min respectively, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed cytoprotective effects similar to (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. In ultraviolet B radiation-induced HaCaT cell damage, the ethyl acetate fraction decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) up to 45.9% at $8{\mu}g/mL$. Also in $H_2O_2$-induced HaCaT cell damage, the ethyl acetate fraction significantly increased the cell viability at $0.5{\sim}8.0{\mu}g/mL$. As a result of chemical analyses of the ethyl acetate fraction, the presence of flavonoids and polyphenol such as irisflorentin, irigenin, tectorigenin, resveratrol, iridin and tectoridin were identified. In conclusion, the extract/fraction from rhizomes of B. chinensis can be applied as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial material to cosmetics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2009

To develop a new natural whitening agent for cosmetics, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Poria cocos Bark extracts (PCBE) and its active compound on melanogenesis. PCBE showed ROS scavenging activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $19.4{\pm}2.21{\mu}g$/mL and $IC_{50}=103{\pm}3.33{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. PCBE reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 34 % at concentration of $50{\mu}g$/mL. And PCBE reduced melanin contents of B16 melanoma cells about 51 % at concentration of $50{\mu}g$/mL without cell cytotoxicity (below $100{\mu}g$/mL). We purified one active compound from PCBE and identified its structure. It was identified as 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid, triterpene family, by $^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR and Mass analysis. 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid showed ROS scavenging activities in DPPH radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system with the $IC_{50}$ values of $4.3{\pm}0.15{\mu}g$/mL and $54{\pm}1.67{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. Also, it was shown that 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid reduced intracellular tyrosinase activity about 43 % at concentration of $10{\mu}g$/mL. And it inhibited melanin synthesis in a dose dependent manner ($IC_{50}=3.6{\mu}g$/mL) without cell cytotoxicity (below $100{\mu}g$/mL). 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid inhibited tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression at protein level. These results suggest that PCBE and 3-$\beta$-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-4-oic acid reduced melanin formation by the inhibition of tyrosinase activity and expression in B16 melanoma cells. Therefore, we suggest that PCBE could be used as a useful whitening agent.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2002

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of cysteamine in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes and development of porcine IVM/IVF Embryos. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The rates of nuclear maturation, penetrated oocytes, pronuclear formation, polyspermic oocytes and mean numbers of the penetrated sperm were not different in NCSU23 maturation medium with 0, 25, 50 and 100 $\mu$M cysteamine (P〉0.05). 2. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 after in vitro fertilization in 0, 25, 50 and 100 $\mu$M cysteamine were 17.9$\pm$6.1, 17.4$\pm$6.3, 24.2$\pm$1.9 and 16.9$\pm$2.0%, respectively. And the total cells were 30.7$\pm$2.4, 34.9$\pm$2.8, 39.6$\pm$2.3 and 36.8$\pm$3.6, respectively. Fifty $\mu$M cystealnine group was significantly higher than those of any other treatment groups (P＜0.05). 3. The ratios of ICM/total cells in 20~40% category were 20.5, 41.6, 19.5 and 31.5%, respectively. Twenty five $\mu$M cysteamine group was higher than those of other groups. 4. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 in the NCSU-23 culture medium of porcine IVF-produced embryos with 0, 25, 50, and 100 $\mu$M cysteamine were 16.0$\pm$0.2, 13.6$\pm$1.7, 25.0$\pm$0.8 and 15.7$\pm$4.5%, respectively. And the total cells were 27.0$\pm$3.7, 36.1$\pm$4.8, 34.0$\pm$3.8 and 25.2$\pm$4.4, respectively. Fifty $\mu$M cysteamine group was significantly higher than those of any other treatment groups (P＜0.05). 5. The ratios of ICM/total cells in 20~40% category were 53.8, 30.0, 16.6 and 11.1%, respectively. The addition groups of cysteamine were lower than those of control group. In conclusion, these results suggested that the addition of 50 $\mu$M cysteamine in the IVM medium and 25~50 $\mu$M cysteamine in IVC medium were effective on the blastocyst formation and total cells of blastocysts.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.221-229
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• 2004

Biological control of lepidopterous insect pests, Agrotis segetum, Artogeia rapae, Mamestra brassicae, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua, and S. litura with entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolated from Gyeongbuk province were investigated. Mean lethal concentration ($LC_50$) values of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae against $2\cdot3rd$ instar of A. segetum larvae were $1.2\times10^7\;conidia/m\ell$ and $5.2\times10^6\;conidia/m\ell$, respectively. $LC_50$ values of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae against $2\cdot3rd$ instar of A, rapae larvae were $1.2\times10^7\;conidia/m\ell$ and $5.2\times10^6\;conidia/m\ell$, respectively. $LC_50$ values of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae against $2\cdot3rd$ instar of M. brassicae and P. xylostella, larvae were $1.5\times10^6\;conidia/m\ell$, $9.7\times10^5\;conidia/m\ell$, $3.0\times10^6\;conidia/m\ell$ and $1.4\times10^6\;conidia/m\ell$, respectively. $LC_50$ values of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae against $2\cdot3rd$ instar of S. exigua, and S. litura larvae were $6.3\times10^6 \;conidia/m\ell$, $2.6\times10^6\;conidia/m\ell$, $1.6\times10^7\;conidia/m\ell$ and $3.4\times10^6\;conidia/m\ell$ respectively.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate cytotoxicity of several herbicides (Bentazone, Butachlor. Paraquat and Ethalfluralin) in cultured mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red (NR) and sulforhodamine protein B (SRB) of the colorimetric assays were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity on cell organelles. 2 x 10$^4$cell/$m\ell$ of NIH 3T3 fibroblast in each well of 24 multidish were cultured. After 24 hours, the cells were treated with solution (1, 25, 50 or 100 $\mu$M) of each herbicide. After the NIH 3T3 fibroblasts of all groups were cultured in the same condition for 48 hours, MTT, NR and SRB assays were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity. The light microscopic study was carried out to examine morphological changes of cultured NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. The MTT$_{50}$ of Bentazone, Butachlor, Paraquat and Ethalfluralin were 1560.97 $\mu$M, 56.15 $\mu$M, 3138.81 $\mu$M and 1301.82 $\mu$M, respectively. The NR$_{50}$ of Bentazone, Butachlor. Paraquat and Ethalfluralin were 1763.93 $\mu$M, 45.98 $\mu$M, 1030.85 $\mu$M and 1808.29 $\mu$M, respectively. The SRB$_{50}$ of Bentazone, Butachlor. Paraquat and Ethalfluralin were 1913.38 $\mu$M, 65.30 $\mu$M, 1860.73 $\mu$M and 1086.93 $\mu$M, respectively. The morphological changes of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts showed severe degeneration in Butachlor 50 $\mu$M and 100 $\mu$M concentrations. These results indicate that Butachlor has high cytotoxicity, Bentazone, Paraquat and Ethalfluralin very weak cytotoxicity against NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.lasts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.16-21
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• 2017

The sprinkler system is a basic fire extinguishing system that uses water as an extinguishing agent. In order to evaluate the fire extinguishing performance of the sprinkler system, information such as the discharge angle, discharge speed, discharge pressure, flow rate, and water droplet size of the installed head are required. However, there is a lack of research on droplets size compared to other requirements. In this study, to evaluate the extinguishing characteristics of sprinkler system, the droplet size distribution was measured for various types of sprinkler heads actually used. The size of the droplet was measured using laser diffraction method. The 50% cumulative volume distribution ($D_{v50}$) according to discharge coefficient(K factor) was $540{\mu}m{\sim}695{\mu}m$ for K50, $542{\mu}m{\sim}1,192{\mu}m$ for K80, $980{\mu}m{\sim}1,223{\mu}m$ for K115 and $1,188{\mu}m{\sim}1,234{\mu}m$ for K202. Based on the measured results, the vaeiance of the droplet particle distribution and the distribution ($D_{v50}$) according to discharge coefficient(K factor) was $540{\mu}m{\sim}695{\mu}m$ for K50, $542{\mu}m{\sim}1,192{\mu}m$ for K80, $980{\mu}m{\sim}1,223{\mu}m$ for K115 and $1,188{\mu}m{\sim}1,234{\mu}m$ for K202. Based on the measured results, the vaeiance of the droplet particle distribution and the Rosin-Rammler index value are presented. As a result of the fire simulation with FDS, it was confirmed that the performance difference occurs according to the water droplet size distribution even when the same amount of water is used. Therefore, the extinguishing performance of the sprinkler system should be evaluated considering the droplet size distribution according to the sprinkler head type.