• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in fusion medium on the fusion, nuclear morphology and the development of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Bovine skin cells were transferred into an enucleated oocyte and fused with cytoplasm in the fusion medium containing with 0.05 to 1.0 mM Cacl$_2$. Nuclear transfer embryos were activated with a combination of A23187 and cycloheximide. Nuclear transfer embryos were fixed at 3 h after fusion or cultured for 7 ~8 days. Fusion rate was significantly (P＜0.01) increased by increasing the $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations in the fusion medium from 0.05 mM (56.6%) to 0.5 mM (50.1%) and 1.0 mM (84.3%). More than 80% of reconstituted embryos underwent premature chromosome condensation (PCC) with 0.05, 0.1 mM CaCl$_2$, whereas 54.5% and 59.3% of embryos formed pronucleus (PN) directly without PCC in the 0.5 and 1.0 mM CaCl$_2$, groups. Blastocyst formation rates were significantly (P＜0.05) different between 0.1 mM and 1.0 mM CaCl$_2$groups. From the present result, it is suggested that the elevated $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations in fusion medium can enhance the fusion and blastocyst formation rates of bovine nuclear transfer embryos.bryos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1620-1632
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• 2017

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of a traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) on muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs and the effects of the formula's extract (distilled water, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extraction) on porcine cell proliferation and isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) gene expression in myocytes. Methods: In a completely randomized design, ninety pigs were assigned to three diets with five replications per treatment and six pigs per pen. The diets included the basal diet (control group), TCMF1 (basal diet+2.5 g/kg TCMF) and TCMF2 (basal diet+5 g/kg TCMF). The psoas major muscle was obtained from pigs at the end of the experiment. Muscle fiber characteristics in the psoas major muscle were analyzed using myosin ATPase staining. Cell proliferation was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye and cytometry. Isoforms of MyHC gene expression were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: The final body weight and carcass weight of finishing pigs were increased by TCMF1 (p<0.05), while the psoas major muscle cross-sectional area was increased by TCMF (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area and diameter of psoas major muscle fiber Ι, IIA, and IIB were increased by TCMF2 (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area and fiber diameter of psoas major muscle fiber IIA and IIB were increased by diet supplementation with TCMF1 (p<0.05). Psoas major muscle fiber IIA and IIB fiber density from the pigs fed the TCMF1 diet and the type IIB fiber density from the pigs fed the TCMF2 diet were lower compared to pigs fed the control diet (p<0.05). Pigs fed TCMF2 had a higher composition of type Ι fiber and a lower percentage of type IIB fiber in the psoas major muscle (p<0.05). The expression levels of MyHC Ι, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx mRNA increased and the amount of MyHC IIb mRNA decreased in the psoas major muscle from TCMF2, whereas MyHC Ι and MyHC IIx mRNA increased in the psoas major muscle from TCMF1 (p<0.05). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ $coactivator-1{\alpha}$ and CaN mRNA expression in the psoas major muscle were up-regulated by TCMF (p<0.05). Porcine skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation was promoted by $4{\mu}g/mL$ and $20{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF water extraction (p<0.05). Both $1{\mu}g/mL$ and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of TCMF water extraction increased MyHC IIa, MyHC IIb, and MyHC IIx mRNA expression in porcine myocytes (p<0.05), while MyHC Ι mRNA expression in porcine myocytes was decreased by $5{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF water extraction (p<0.05). Porcine myocyte MyHC Ι and MyHC IIx mRNA expression were increased, and MyHC IIa and MyHC IIb mRNA expression were down-regulated by $5{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF ethyl acetate extraction (p<0.05). MyHC Ι and MyHC IIa mRNA expression in porcine myocytes were increased, and the MyHC IIb mRNA expression was decreased by $1{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF ethyl acetate extraction (p<0.05). Four isoforms of MyHC mRNA expression in porcine myocytes were reduced by $5{\mu}g/mL$ TCMF petroleum ether extraction (p<0.05). MyHC IIa mRNA expression in porcine myocytes increased and MyHC IIb mRNA expression decreased by $1{\mu}g/mL$ in a TCMF petroleum ether extraction (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that TCMF amplified the psoas major muscle cross-sectional area through changing muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs. This effect was confirmed as TCMF extraction promoted porcine cell proliferation and affected isoforms of MyHC gene expression in myocytes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.288-293
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Raphanus sativus L. (ERL) on breast cancer cell proliferation and gene expression associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various concentrations (100, 200, or 300 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ERL. ERL significantly decreased cell proliferation after 48 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of $ErbB_2$ were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of $ErbB_3$ was decreased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of $ErbB_3$ was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of pAkt was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL ERL (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of Bax were increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL or higher (P < 0.05). The protein expression of $Bcl_2$ was increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 100 ${\mu}g$/mL or higher (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of $Bcl_2$ was increased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that Raphanus sativus, L. inhibits cell proliferation via the ErbB-Akt pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1584-1592
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• 2014

The objective was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of crossbred heifers finished on a Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture receiving four levels of glycerin in their supplementation. Thirty-six crossbred heifers with average initial weight of $264.83{\pm}3.83kg$ and 20 months of age were distributed into a completely randomized design with four treatments and nine replications: control (0%), 4.82%, 10.12%, and 15.56% glycerin in the dry matter. The grazing time reduced linearly (p<0.05), whereas the time spent on activities like rumination, idleness, trough and total chewing time were quadratically affected (p<0.05). Bite rate and number of bites/day were quadratically influenced (p<0.05). The number of bites/swallowed cud and the number of bites/minute, however, increased linearly (p<0.05). Although the time spent on each cud and number of chews per cud were not affected (p>0.05).The number of rumination periods reduced linearly (p<0.05), whereas the number of grazing, idle and trough periods, and the times per grazing, idle, rumination and trough periods were quadratically affected (p<0.05). The feed and rumination efficiencies of the dry matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates, pasture dry matter and concentrate were quadratically affected (p>0.05) whereas the feed efficiency of neutral detergent fiber reduced linearly (p<0.05). Addition of glycerin in substitution of corn in supplements for animals managed on pastures does not influenced feed intake, but reduces the grazing time and increases the idle time. The supplementation also improves feed and rumination efficiencies.

• the MEAT Journal
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• s.36 summer
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• pp.41-60
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of brands pork: a crossbred between Korean native and wild pigs (Y), a commercial LYD breed fed with probiotics (J), and a commercial LYD fea without probiotics (M). The moisture and crude ash content of Y treated pork was higher than those for J and M brands, but the crude fat content of J pork was significantly lower (p<0.05) than Y and M brands. The moisture and crude fat contents of Y gilts were higher (p<0.05) than those of barrows. The pH values of Y gilts were higher (p<0.05) than those of gilts of J and M brands. The Land W values of Y pork were lower (p<0.05) than with J and M brands. The springiness value of J pork was significantly higher (p<0.05) than Y and M porks. The sensory scores of Y pork were higher than pork of J and M. The juiciness of gilts of M brands was higher (p<0.05) than for barrows. With regard to the fatty acid profiles among the pork loins, linoleic and arachidonic acid contents of Y pork were higher than with J and M, while the palmitic, pamitoleic, stearic, and oleic acid contents were lower. The saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of Y pork was lower than that for J and M ones, while the unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), essential fatty acids (FFA), USF/ASF A ratio, FFA/SFA ratio, and EFA/USFA ratio were higher. The stearic acid content of M barrows was higher (p<0.05) than that for gilts.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.470-479
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of brands pork: a crossbred between Korean native and wild pigs (Y), a commercial LYD breed fed with probiotics (J), and a commercial LYD fea without probiotics (M). The moisture and crude ash content of Y treated pork was higher than those for J and M brands, but the crude fat content of J pork was significantly lower (p<0.05) than Y and M brands. The moisture and crude fat contents of Y gilts were higher (p<0.05) than those of barrows. The pH values of Y gilts were higher (p<0.05) than those of gilts of J and M brands. The L and W values of Y pork were lower (p<0.05) than with J and M brands. The springiness value of J pork was significantly higher (p<0.05) than Y and M porks. The sensory scores of Y pork were higher than pork of J and M. The juiciness of gilts of M brands was higher (p<0.05) than for barrows. With regard to the fatty acid profiles among the pork loins, linoleic and arachidonic acid contents of Y pork were higher than with J and M, while the palmitic, pamitoleic, stearic, and oleic acid contents were lower. The saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of Y pork was lower than that for J and M ones, while the unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), essential fatty acids (FFA), USFA/SFA ratio, FFA/SFA ratio, and EFA/USFA ratio were higher. The stearic acid content of M barrows was higher (p<0.05) than that for gilts.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of natural mineral complex supplementation on egg production and characteristic in laying hens. A total of two hundred forty laying hens were randomly allocated into four treatments with ten replications for six weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (control, basal diet) 2) M0.5 (basal diet + 3% chitosan + 0.5% natural mineral complex), 3) M1.0 (basal diet + 3% chitosan + 1.0% natural mineral complek) and 4) M1.5 (basal diet + 3% chitosan + 1.5% natural mineral complex). In the egg production, the M1.5 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments(P<0.05). However, egg weight was significantly higher in M0.5 treatment than CON and M1.0 treatments(P<0.05). Egg shell breaking strength was higher in M1.5 treatment than M0.5 treatment. Egg shell thickness was the highest in M1.5 treatment compared to other treatments(P<0.05). The hens 134 M0.5 diet were improved egg yolk color compared to those fed other diets(P<0.05). The Haugh unit, CON and M1.0 treatments showed significantly different results compared to those of M1.5 treatment(P<0.05). The M1.5 treatment had higher Ca and Fe concentration in blood and higher K concentration in yolk than CON(P<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of natural mineral complex in laying hen diets influenced on egg production, egg shell qualify and mineral concentration in blood and yolk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1587-1593
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• 2007

A single factorial experiment was conducted to test the effects of three dietary levels of energy on mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS-mRNA) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL-mRNA) and their association with intramuscular fat in finishing pigs. 72 crossbred (Large $White{\times}Rongchang$) barrows with an average initial body weight of 20.71 (s.e. 0.1) kg, were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (11.75, 13.05 and 14.36 MJ DE/kg) and fed until slaughtered at 100 or 101 kg. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-essential amino acids. The growth performances including the duration of finishing were changed linearly (p<0.05) or quadratically (p<0.05) with increased dietary energy levels. The effects of dietary energy content on the percentage of external fat, intramuscular backfat and the fat thickness were linear (p<0.05). The content of dietary energy increased FAS-mRNA linearly or quadratically, while HSL-mRNA decreased linearly or quadratically in backfat and Longissmus dorsi muscle. Meanwhile, significant positive correlations (p<0.05) were found between energy level and intramuscular fat, FAS-mRNA or the ratio of FAS-mRNA to HSL-mRNA, between the ratio of FAS-mRNA to HSL-mRNA and intramuscular fat. However, the correlations between HSL mRNA and dietary energy or intramuscular fat were negative (p<0.05). The results indicated that dietary energy level regulates lipid accumulation, especially intramuscular fat, possibly by modulating the mRNA of FAS and HSL together rather than individually.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.450-467
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• 1998

To research the characteristics of ion currents induced by inhibitory and excitatory herbs of oriental medicine, we used nystatin-perforated patch clamp technique under voltage clamp condition in periaqueductal gray neuron dissociated from Sprauge-Dawley rat, 10-15 days old. The results are as follows. 1. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Bupleuri Radix was inhibited $59.50{\pm}4.29%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p>0.01) but inhibition of $10.75{\pm}4.77%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine and $4.75{\pm}4.23%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no statistical significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Bupleuri Radix revealed only GABA induced $Cl^-$ current, not acetylcholine and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 2. Ion current induced by $20mg/m{\ell}$ of Coptidis Rhizoma was inhibited $47.20{\pm}7.88%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.01) but $3.20{\pm}2.33%$ inhibition by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine and $1.00{\pm}1.00%$ inhibition by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Coptidis Rhizoma revealed only GABA induced $Cl^-$ current, not acetylcholine and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 3. Ion current induced by $20mg/m{\ell}$ of Ecliptae Herba was inhibited $55.00{\pm}4.92%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline (p<0.01), and also inhibited $15.00{\pm}4.26%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), but inhibition of $6.00{\pm}3.03%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Ecliptae Herba showed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current, not $Ca^{2+}$ current 4. Ion current induced by $5mg/m{\ell}$ of Liriopis Tuber was inhibited $15.20{\pm}4.57%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline<0.05) and also inhibited $14.00{\pm}3.00%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), but inhibition of $5.20{\pm}4.80%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Liriopis Tuber showed GABA. activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current, not $Ca^{2+}$ current. 5. Ion current induced by $5mg/m{\ell}$ of Aconiti Tuber was inhibited $97.00{\pm}1.34%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.01), $80.00{\pm}9.83%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.01), and $24.00{\pm}6.18%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil(p<0.05). So ion current induced by Aconiti Tuber revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 6. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Zingiberis Rhizoma was inhibited $33.00{\pm}7.43%$ by $10^{-4}$ bicuculline(p<0.05), $10.20{\pm}1.83%$ by $10-^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.01), and $14.00{\pm}2.16%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil(p<0.01) So ion current induced by Zingiberis Rhizoma revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation outtent and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 7. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Boshniakiae Herba was inhibited $65.00{\pm}13.75%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.05), $38.00{\pm}9.24%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), and $33.25{\pm}7.42%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamiHp<0.05). So ion current induced by Bpshniakiae Herba revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current and $Ca^{2+}$ current. These results suggest that a point of difference between inhibitory and excitatory herbs is existence of$Ca^{2+}$ current.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 1991

Soybean plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum MN 110 were supplied with nutrient solutions containing 1.0, 0.25 and 0.5.nM-P to characterize the effect of externaI-P supply on the phosphorus status of nodules and on the P-uptake system of isolated bacteroids from nodules. After 48 days of growth, whole plant dry mass in the 0.25 and 0.05 mM-P treatments decreased significantly. The Pi concentrations in nodules were 4.1, 2.5 and 2.0 mM for 1.0, 0.25 and 0.05 mM-P treatments, respectively. The external-P supply did not significantly affect the distribution of phosphorus among inorganic phosphate(Pi), soluble organic-phosphorus(SOP) and insoluble organic-phosphorus(TOP) fractions in nodules. The Pi concentrations in young leaves of 0.25 and 0.05 mM-P plants were 33% and 20% , respectively, of those in young leaves of 1.0 mM-P plants and Pi concentrations in old leaves were only 16% and 7%, respectively, of those in old leaves of 1.0 mM-P plants. Phosphorus deficiency decreased the percentage of total leaf phosphorus in the Pi fraction and increased the percentage of total leaf phosphorus in the IOP fraction. The bacteroid number ranged from 0.87 to $1.30{\times}10^{11}$ Per GFW nodule regardless of external-P supply to the host Plants and Plant age, The P-uptake rates were the same (15-16 pmoles /min./$10^8$ bacteroids) for the bacteroids isolated from nodules of 1.0 mM-P and 0.05 mM-P plants. These results indicate that Pi concentrations in nodules of phosphorus-deficient plants are sufficient for proliferation of bacteroids and that the P-uptake system of bacteroids is in a repressed state even when host plant growth is severely restricted by phosphorus-deficiency stress.