• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.227-231
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• 2005

We examined the effect of the subcutaneous (s.c.) pretreatment of formalin into both hind paws of mice on the antinociception induced by the intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.) administration of ${\beta}$-endorphin using the tail-flick test. Pretreatment with formalin ($5\%$) for 5 h had no affect on the i.c.v. administered ${\beta}$-endorphin-induced tail-flick response. However, pretreatment with formalin for 40 h attenuated the tail-flick inhibition induced by i.c.v. administered ${\beta}$-endorphin. This antinociceptive tolerance to i.c.v. ${\beta}$-endorphin continued up to 1 week, but to a lesser extent. Pretreatment with formalin for 5 and 40 h significantly reduced the i.t. ${\beta}$-endorphin-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response, which continued up to 1 week. The s.c. formalin treatment increased the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA level at 2 h, but this returned to the basal level after 40 h. Our results suggest that the increase in the POMC mRNA level in the hypothalamus appears to be involved in the supraspinal or spinal ${\beta}$-endorphin-induced antinociceptive tolerance in formalin-induced inflammatory pain.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.170-173
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• 2007

About 20% of non-Hodgkin' lymphoma occur in the extra-nodal region in the head and neck area and more than half of extra-nodal lymphoma in the head and neck area involves the Waldeyer' ring. Malignant lymphoma arising in the parotid glands are relatively rare, although 90% of all salivary gland lymphomas, appear in parotid gland and are classified as extranodal non Hodgkin' lymphoma. We experienced one rare case of non-Hodgkin' lymphoma in the right parotid gland, with a painless swelling of the cheek region as the chief complaint. We treated with CHOP(cyclophosphamide, $750mg/m^2$ i.v. day1 ; doxorubicin, $50mg/m^2$ i.v. day 1 ; vincristine, $1.4mg/m^2$ i.v. day 1;prednisone, $50mg/m^2$ orally days 1 to 5. repeat every 21 days) and Rituximab combination therapy. We aimed to report here one case of non-Hodgkin' lymphoma in the right parotid gland with review of literature.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 1973

The spin-rotation constants of the proton and tile fluorine nucleus in C $H_4$, Si $H_4$, Ge $H_4$, C $F_4$, Si $F_4$ and Ge $F_4$ were determined experimentally by the molecular beam magnetic resonance method. From the Hamiltonian and the high field approximation, the quantized energy level is given by the following equation. W $m_{I}$ $m_{J}$=- $g_{I}$ $m_{I}$H- $g_{J}$ $m_{J}$H- $C_{av}$ $m_{I}$ $m_{J}$, where $c_{av}$ is one third of the trace of the C tensor. In the nuclear resonance experiment, the proton and the fluorine nuclear resonance curves consist of many unresolved lines given by v=- $g_{J}$H- $C_{av}$ $m_{I}$, and a Gaussian approximation is made to correlate $c_{av}$ to the experimentally obtained half-width of the resonance curve. In the rotational resonance experiment, the five resonance peaks as predicted by v=- $g_{I}$H- $c_{av}$ $m_{I}$, $m_{I}$=0, $\pm$1 and $\pm$2, were all observed. The magnitude of car was determined by measuring the frequency distance between two adjacent peaks. The sign of $c_{av}$ was determined by the side peak suppression technique. The technique is described, and the sign and magnitude of the spin-rotation constant cav are summarized as following: for C $H_4$ -10.3$\pm$0.4tHz(from the rotational resonance), for SiH +3.71$\pm$0.08kHz(from the nuclear resonance), for Ge $H_4$+3.79$\pm$0.13kHz(from the nuclear resonance), for C $F_4$, -6.81$\pm$0.08kHz(from the rotational resonance), for Si $F_4$, -2.46$\pm$0.06kHz(from the rotational resonance), and finally for Ge $F_4$-1.84$\pm$0.04kHz(from the rotational resonance).onal resonance).esonance).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.487-494
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• 2001

During depolarization, extrusion of $Ca^{2+}$ from sarcoplasmic reticulum through forward-mode $Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ exchange was studied in the rat ventricular myocytes patch-clamped in whole-cell configuration. In order to confine the $Ca^{2+}$ responses in a micro-domain by limiting the $Ca^{2+}$ diffusion time, rat ventricular myocytes were dialyzed with high (14 mM) EGTA. $K^+$ current was suppressed by substituting KCl with 105 mM CsCl and 20 mM TEA in the pipette filling solution and by omitting KCl in the external Tyrode solution. $Cl^-$ current was suppressed by adding 0.1 mM DIDS in the external Tyrode solution. During stimulation roughly mimicking action potential, the initial outward current was converted into inward current, $47{\pm}1%$ of which was suppressed by 0.1 mM $CdCl_2.$ 10 mM caffeine increased the remaining inward current after $CdCl_2$ in a cAMP-dependent manner. This caffeine-induced inward current was blocked by $1\;{\mu}M$ ryanodine, $10\;{\mu}M$ thapsigargin, 5 mM $NiCl_2,$ or by $Na^+\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ omission, but not by $0.1\;{\mu}M$ isoproterenol. The $I{\sim}V$ relationship of the caffeine-induced current elicited inward current from -45 mV to +3 mV with the peak at -25 mV. Taken together, it is concluded that, during activation of the rat ventricular myocyte, forward-mode $Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ exchange extrudes a fraction of $Ca^{2+}$ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum mainly by voltage-sensitive release mechanism in a micro-domain in the t-tubule, which is functionally separable from global $Ca^{2+}{_i}$ by EGTA.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2018

Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring, a be an ideal of R and M be an R-module. It is shown that if $Ext^i_R(R/a,M)$ is minimax for all $i{\leq}{\dim}\;M$, then the R-module $Ext^i_R(N,M)$ is minimax for all $i{\geq}0$ and for any finitely generated R-module N with $Supp_R(N){\subseteq}V(a)$ and dim $N{\leq}1$. As a consequence of this result we obtain that for any a-torsion R-module M that $Ext^i_R(R/a,M)$ is minimax for all $i{\leq}dim$ M, all Bass numbers and all Betti numbers of M are finite. This generalizes [8, Corollary 2.7]. Also, some equivalent conditions for the cominimaxness of local cohomology modules with respect to ideals of dimension at most one are given.

• Venture DIGEST
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• no.12 s.125
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• pp.32-33
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• 2008

지난편($I{\sim}IV$)에서는 적대적 M&A를 위한 공격방법에 관하여 살펴 보았다. 이번호에는 적대적 M&A를 방어하기 위해 어떠한 방법을 수행할 수 있는지를 살표보기로 한다.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.5_6
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• pp.176-186
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• 2007

An interconnection network can be represented as a graph where a vertex corresponds to a node and an edge corresponds to a link. The diameter of an interconnection network is the maximum length of the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices. The fault diameter of an interconnection network G is the maximum length of the shortest paths between all two fault-free vertices when there are $_k(G)-1$ or less faulty vertices, where $_k(G)$ is the connectivity of G. The fault diameter of an R-regular graph G with diameter of 3 or more and connectivity ${\tau}$ is at least diam(G)+1 where diam(G) is the diameter of G. We show that the fault diameter of a 2-dimensional $m{\times}n$ torus with $m,n{\geq}3$ is max(m,n) if m=3 or n=3; otherwise, the fault diameter is equal to its diameter plus 1. We also show that in $d({\geq}3)$-dimensional $k_1{\times}k_2{\times}{\cdots}{\times}k_d$ torus with each $k_i{\geq}3$, there are 2d mutually disjoint paths joining any two vertices such that the lengths of all these paths are at most diameter+1. The paths joining two vertices u and v are called to be mutually disjoint if the common vertices on these paths are u and v. Using these mutually disjoint paths, we show that the fault diameter of $d({\geq}3)$-dimensional $k_1{\times}k_2{\times}{\cdots}{\times}k_d$ totus with each $k_i{\geq}3$ is equal to its diameter plus 1.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.609-618
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• 1988

Two dimensional numericl analysis program of power VDMOSFET structure has been developed. Modeling for equipotential distribution, current flow pattern and carrier distribution are presented. I-V characteristic curves due to saturation velocity, mobility value, transconductance and on-resistance are studied by comparison of computer simulated results and exeperimental data. These are found to agree with the simulated results and experimental data.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1986

The voltage clamp studies were undertaken to elucidate the properties of the slow inward current, $i_{si}$, in the small preparations of the rabbit sinoatrial node. The slow inward current, $i_{si}$, which is known to be responsible for the late one-third of pacemaker potential and whole range of upstroke phase of action potential was analysed with the effects of isoprenaline, cobalt, ouabain and higenamine. The results obtained are as follows; 1) Voltage of SA node preparation was held at zero current level, usually-40mV and the slow inward current, $i_{si}$, was activated by depolarizing clamp pulses. Peak values of $i_{si}$, in steady state were at $-10{\pm}0mV$ in most preparations. 2) Isoprenaline, ${\beta}-agonist$ increased $i_{si}$ and no shift was noticed in voltage-dependency. 3) Cobalt ion in the concentration of 1 mM abolished is, in entire range of membrane potential and the difference of two current levels before and after $Co^{2+}$ treatment could be considered as pure $i_{si}$ magnitude. 4) In the therapeutic concentration of ouabain $(5{\times}10^{-8}M)$ slightly increased is, and reduced the time to reach the peak value. 5) Higenamine $(10^{-6}M)$ changed the configurations of action potential (i. e. rapid upstroke phase and notch in the spike) and increase spontaneous rate. It also increased is, and the effect of higenamine was blocked ${\beta}-blocker$, propranolol $(10^{-6}M)$.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.3 s.357
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• pp.59-64
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• 2007

This paper describes the PLL of TCON(Timing Controller) chip for FPD(Flat Panel Display). We propose a new V-I converter which is insensitive to the power supply variation when it is applied to the TCON. The new V-I converter compensated the output frequency of VCO by appling the current that is inversely proportional to the voltage variation. The proposed idea is implemented with a 1-ploy 3-metal 0.25m TSMC CMOS technology and has the output frequency range from 192MHz to 360MHz at the supply voltage of 2.5V. Measurement result shows the RMS jitter of 100ps in the above output frequency range.