• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.286-298
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• 1997

This study was aimed at examining the pattern of dietary fat intake of 120 university female students living in Kongju city in order to provide baseic data for establishing the dietary grideline of desirable fat intake. The subjects were divided into three groups according to living arrangenment ; family home(FH), or dormitory(DM), or self-boarding house(SB). Fat consumption of subjects was surveyed by two-day food records, and profiles of fatty acid and cholesterol taken were calculated based upon the data reported their contents of foods. The result was that mean daily fat intake was 42$\pm$2g for FH, 48$\pm$4g for DM and 41$\pm$3g for SB. The calorie intake by fat was 20.8, 21.5, and 20.4% respectively. The ratio of P/M/S was 1.3/1.7/1 for FH, 1.3/1.6/1 for DM and 1, .5/1.5/1 for SB. And the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acid was 5.2/1 for FH, 8.3/1 for DM and 7.2/1 for SB. Daily cholesterol intake was 208$\pm$20mg for FH, 223$\pm$29mg for DM and 251$\pm$27mg for SB. In addition, intake of n-3 fatty acid was 1.2$\pm$0.2g for FH, 0.9$\pm$0.1g for DM and 1.2$\pm$0.2g for DB. Considering the food source of fatty acids, saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid were taken primarily from animal foods, especially milk and milk products, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid was taken from vegetable oils and fats. As a major source of n-3 fatty acid, linolenic acid was obtained through vegetable oils and fats, and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were provided by fishes and their products. There patterns of fatty acid intakes did not differ according to living arrangement. The above results showed that intakes of fat and cholesterol, and ratios of P/M/S and n-6/n-3 fatty acid were overall desirable in all groups. However, intake of n-3 fatty acid was low in all groups. Therefore, consumption of perilla oil, legumes and fishes as a source of n-3 fatty acid should be increased by substituting other food source which provide fats and oils because calorie intake by fat was enough in these subject.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2018

This study assessed the effects of Weissella cibaria (W. cibaria) CMU on oral health in male and female beagles (n = 18) by measuring oral malodor and periodontal disease-related parameters (calculus, plaque, and gingivitis indices). Oral malodor and indicators of periodontal disease were assessed in five treatment groups: negative control (scaling and 0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), positive control (0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), and W. cibaria CMU groups (each n = 4) at low (CMU-L, $2{\times}10^7$ colony forming unit [CFU]), medium (CMU-M, $2{\times}10^8CFU$), and high (CMU-H, $2{\times}10^9CFU$) concentrations. After feeding with W. cibaria CMU for 6 weeks, total volatile sulfur compound concentrations in the CMU-L ($2.0{\pm}1.04ng/10mL$), CMU-M ($2.4{\pm}1.05ng/10mL$), and CMU-H ($2.6{\pm}1.33ng/10mL$) groups were significantly lower than in the positive control group ($3.2{\pm}1.65ng/10mL$). Also, CMU-L ($1.4{\pm}0.83ng/10mL$) and CMU-H ($1.9{\pm}1.14ng/10mL$) groups had methyl mercaptan levels lower than that in the positive control group ($2.4{\pm}1.21ng/10mL$) at week 2. The plaque index was significantly lower in the CMU-H group ($4.5{\pm}0.28$) than in the positive control group ($5.9{\pm}1.08$) at week 6. W. cibaria CMU could be useful as a novel oral hygiene probiotics for reducing volatile sulfur compounds production and inhibiting plaque growth in companion animals.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2013

PURPOSE. To evaluate the effects of surface treatments on shear bond strength (SBS) between microwave and conventionally sintered zirconia core/veneers. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 96 disc shaped Noritake Alliance zirconia specimens were fabricated using YenaDent CAM unit and were divided in 2 groups with respect to microwave or conventional methods (n=48/group). Surface roughness (Ra) evaluation was made with a profilometer on randomly selected microwave (n=10) and conventionally sintered (n=10) cores. Specimens were then assessed into 4 subgroups according to surface treatments applied (n=12/group). Groups for microwave (M) and conventionally (C) sintered core specimens were as follows; $M_C$,$C_C$: untreated (control group), $M_1,C_1:Al_2O_3$ sandblasting, $M_2,C_2$:liner, $M_3,C_3:Al_2O_3$ sandblasting followed by liner. Veneer ceramic was fired on zirconia cores and specimens were thermocycled (6000 cycles between $5^{\circ}-55^{\circ}C$). All specimens were subjected to SBS test using a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min, failure were evaluated under an optical microscope. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro Wilk, Levene, Post-hoc Tukey HSD and Student's t tests, Two-Way-Variance- Analysis and One-Way-Variance-Analysis (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. Conventionally sintered specimens ($1.06{\pm}0.32{\mu}m$) showed rougher surfaces compared to microwave sintered ones ($0.76{\pm}0.32{\mu}m$)(P=.046), however, no correlation was found between SBS and surface roughness (r=-0.109, P=.658). The statistical comparison of the shear bond strengths of $C_3$ and $C_1$ group (P=.015); $C_C$ and $M_C$ group (P=.004) and $C_3$ and $M_3$ group presented statistically higher (P=.005) values. While adhesive failure was not seen in any of the groups, cohesive and combined patterns were seen in all groups. CONCLUSION. Based on the results of this in-vitro study, $Al_2O_{3-}$ sandblasting followed by liner application on conventionally sintered zirconia cores may be preferred to enhance bond strength.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2022

We investigated the safety and efficacy of pemetrexed monotherapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and various renal conditions, including chronic kidney disease. We also analyzed whether baseline renal function affected progression-free survival (PFS). We retrospectively analyzed 71 patients who received maintenance-and second-line pemetrexed monotherapy. Patients were divided into two groups according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): fair eGFR (>60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and lower eGFR (59 mL/min/1.73 m² or less). The safety and efficacy were evaluated for each group. Median ages were 73.2 years in the lower eGFR group (n=28) and 64.5 years in the fair eGFR group (n=43). Patients with a lower eGFR achieved a median PFS of 4.7 months, while the median PFS for patients with a fair eGFR was 2.7 months. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.075). Both groups showed treatment-related low-grade hematological and non-hematological adverse events. Pemetrexed monotherapy is safe and effective in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with a lower eGFR.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2005

Objective : A study of the histopathologic and neurobehavioral correlates of cortical impact injury produced by increasing impact velocity using the controlled cortical impact[CCI] injury model is studied. Methods : Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats [$200{\sim}250g$] were given CCI injury using a pneumatically driven piston. Effect of impact velocity on a 3mm deformation was assessed at 2.5m/sec [n=6], 3.0m/sec [n=6], 3.5m/sec [n=6], and no injury [n=6]. After postoperative 24hours the rats were evaluated using several neurobehavioral tests including the rotarod test, beam-balance performance, and postural reflex test. Contusion volume and histopathologic findings were evaluated for each of the impact velocities. Results : On the rota rod test, all the injured rats exhibited a significant difference compared to the sham-operated rats and increased velocity correlated with increased deficit [p<0.001]. Contusion volume increased with increasing impact velocity. For the 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5m/sec groups, injured volumes were $18.8{\pm}2.3mm^3$, $26.8{\pm}3.1mm^3$, and $32.5{\pm}3.5mm^3$, respectively. In addition, neuronal loss in the hippocampal sub-region increased with increasing impact velocity. In the TUNEL staining, all the injured groups exhibited definitely positive cells at pericontusional area. However, there were no significant differences in the number of positive cells among the injured groups. Conclusion : Cortical impact velocity is a critical parameter in producing cortical contusion. Severity of cortical injury is proportional to increasing impact velocity of cortical injury.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.393-403
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• 1998

We consider $M_1,M_2/M/1$ retrial queues with two classes of customers in which the service rates depend on the total number or the customers served since the beginning of the current busy period. In the case that arriving customers are bloced due to the channel being busy, the class 1 customers are queued in the priority group and are served as soon as the channel is free, whereas the class 2 customers enter the retrical group in order to try service again after a random amount of time. For the first $N(N \geq 1)$ exceptional services model which is a special case of our model, we derive the joint generating function of the numbers of customers in the two groups. When N = 1 i.e., the first exceptional service model, we obtain the joint generating function explicitly and if the arrival rate of class 2 customers is 0, we show that the results for our model coincide with known results for the M/M/1 queues with smart machine.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1090-1106
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to investigate whether adenosine administered during cardioplegic arrest could enhance myocardial protection and improve recovery of function after ischemia. Isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to 40 minutes of normothermic [37oC] ischemia. Control hearts [n=10] received modified St. Thomas’ cardioplegic solution, and the remaining hearts received modified St. Thomas’ cardioplegic solution with either 20 \ulcornerM [n=10], 200 \ulcornerM [n=10] adenosine. After ischemia of 40 minutes and 30 minutes of reperfusion, left ventricular contractility was superior in all groups of adenosine-treated hearts compared with control hearts. Furthermore, there was a significant incremental increase in functional recovery with increasing dose of adenosine. Post-ischemic diastolic stiffness was significantly better in all adenosine groups compared with controls. No differences were noted in coronary flow or myocardial water content between adenosine-treated and control hearts. These data demonstrate that adenosine administered in these concentrations provides myocardial protection, preservation of myocardial ATP and creatine phosphokinase and improved post-ischemic functional hemodynamic recovery after normothermic ischemia, presumably metabolically by reducing depletion of adenosine triphosphate, inducing rapid cardiac arrest and enabling improved post-ischemic recovery.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.533-539
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• 1992

Sixteen crossbred (Sahiwal $\times$ Holstein) male rumen fistulated calves of 18 to 24 months of age were randomly divided into four groups of four animal, each. Animals in all the groups were fed wheat straw ad lib as basal roughage. However, the animals in group I were fed concentrate mixture at maintenance level, whereas, the animals in groups II, III and IV had free access to existing, modified (A) and modified (B) urea molasses mineral block licks respectively. Daily wheat straw intake (kg) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in groups II ($4.20{\pm}0.13$), III ($4.07{\pm}0.16$) and IV ($4.22{\pm}0.20$) as compared to group I ($3.21{\pm}0.14$). Total N and TCA precistrained rumen liquor) was significantly higher in groups II ($22.36{\pm}0.25$), III ($21.63{\pm}0.25$) and IV ($21.77{\pm}0.55$) as compared to group I ($18.31{\pm}0.41$). Bacterial production rate (g/day and g/kg digestible organic matter intake) were non-significantly different amongst groups I ($214.4{\pm}13.28;\;85.38{\pm}3.69$); II ($198.7{\pm}5.70;\;86.17{\pm}3.53$); III ($214.4{\pm}8.19;\;96.15{\pm}2.16$) and IV ($218.2{\pm}10.62;\;94.44{\pm}5.52$). Similarly, percent efficiency of N incorporation into bacterial protein was not found significantly different amongst groups I, II, III and IV. These studies indicate that when concentrate mixture (upto maintenance level) in the diet of ruminants was replaced with UMMB licks, various N fraction in SRL and efficiency of bacterial production rates in the rumen were not affected.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2007

목 적 : 각 소아 신장 질환에서 요 ${\beta}_2$-M 검사 결과를 비교해 보고, 일차성 신증후군에서 ${\beta}_2$-M 수치와 스테로이드를 사용한 기간과의 상관관계를 확인하고, 신세뇨관 손상을 반영하는 요 ${\beta}_2$-M과 신기능의 보편적 지표인 BUN, Ccr을 비교하여 신기능의 지표로 ${\beta}_2$-M이 유용한 지를 보았다. 방 법 : 2003년 1월부터 2006년 1월까지 중앙대학교 용산병원에 내원하여 24시간 소변검사를 시행 받고 ${\beta}_2$-M 검사를 시행 받은 혈뇨, 부종, 단백뇨 등의 증상이 있는 0-4세 사이의 환아 102명의 신장질환자와 같은 연령대의 대조군 22명을 대상으로 하여 후향적인 자료분석을 하였다. 각 신장 질환을 구분하여 독립변수로 삼았다. 각 신장 질환의 요 ${\beta}_2$-M 검사치를 종속변수로 삼아 독립표본 T검정을 이용하여 통계적 차이를 검증하였다. 또한 일차성 신증후군에서 ${\beta}_2$-M 수치가 의미 있게 높았던 군(양성)과 낮은 군을 구분하여(기준=$150{\mu}g/g-Cr$), 소변에서 단백뇨가 호전되어 퇴원하기까지의 치료기간을 비교하였다. 결 과 : 신장 질환자 102명 중 신증후군이 52명(MCNS(n=45, $72{\pm}45{\mu}g/g-Cr$), MPGN(n=3, $154{\pm}415{\mu}g/g-Cr$), FSGS(n=4, 1$188{\pm}046{\mu}g/g-Cr$), APSGN은 6명($93{\pm}404{\mu}g/g-Cr$), IgA 신병증은 7명($3414{\pm}106{\mu}g/g-Cr$), 급성 신우신염은 9명($742{\pm}160{\mu}g/g-Cr$), 방광염은 16명($179{\pm}168{\mu}g/g-Cr$), 그리고 HSPN은 12명($109{\pm}898{\mu}g/g-Cr$)으로 신증후군 환자가 65%로 가장 많았다. 그 중 IgA 신병증 과 급성 신우신염이 다른 군과 비교하여 24시간 요 ${\beta}_2$-M이 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 일차성 신증후군환자의 ${\beta}_2$-M 검사상 높은 군이 낮은 군과 비교하여 유의하게 치료기간이 길었으나(P<0.05), 각 신장질환에서 신기능 지표인 Ccr과 BUN, Cr 등은 24시간 요 ${\beta}_2$-M 과 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 결 론 : 각 신장 질환의 24시간 요 ${\beta}_2$-M 수치를 조사한 결과 IgA nephropathy와 급성신우염이 다른 신질환 군과 비교하여 24시간 요 ${\beta}_2$-M 값이 유의하게 높았다. ${\beta}_2$-M 수치는 전반적인 신기능의 지표와 조직병리소견의 예측인자로써는 부적합하나, 상부 하부 요로감염의 감별과 신증후군 환자의 치료기간을 예측하는 데는 유용해 보였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2015

Mesozooplankton biomass including total biomass and size-fractionated biomass and the abundance of major taxonomic groups of copepods were studied in the Northwestern Subtropical Pacific Warm Pool (NSPWP) and the Northern East China Sea (NECS) from 2006 to 2014. Mesozooplankton biomass ranged from 0.69 to $3.08mgC/m^3$ (mean $1.12mgC/m^3$) in the NSPWP and from 10.60 to $69.10mgC/m^3$ (mean $30.33mgC/m^3$) in the NECS with higher values in spring than fall. Percent composition in the biomass of each size group of mesozooplankton varied interannually both in the NSPWP and in the NECS. The smallest size group (0.2~0.5 mm) contributed the least to total biomass in both regions, but significantly higher in the NSPWP than in the NECS. The percent composition in abundance of copepod taxonomic groups (i.e. Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Poecilostomatoida) also fluctuated interannually. Mean composition of calanoid copepods was higher in the NECS than in the NSPWP, but the opposite pattern was observed for poecilostomatoid copepods. Mesozooplankton biomass both in the NSPWP and in the NECS was negatively correlated with Oceanic $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ Index (ONI), indicating declines in biomass during El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ periods and vice versa during Na $Ni{\tilde{n}}a$ period. The effect of El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ on variation of mesozooplankton biomass was more prominent in the NSPWP than in the NECS. These results suggest that mesozooplankton biomass both in the NSPWP and in the NECS responded to El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ events, although the biological process that explain the reduced mesozooplankton biomass might be different in both regions.