• KSBB Journal
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.529-535
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 등$.$경유 혼합물을 Pseudomonas aeruginosa F722를 이용하여 분해시킬 때 생분해율에 미치는 생물계면활성제, 화학계면활성제 및 공기 공급량의 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 탄화수소 분해율은 0.01%와 0.15% 농도의 생물계면활제를 첨가하였을 때가 0.05%, 0.1% 및 0.2%농도의 생물계면활제를 첨가하였을 때보다 최고 6.2% 높은 94.3, 94.2% 제거율을 나타냈다. 하지만, 0.15% 생물계면활제를 첨가하였을 때가 0.01% 생물계면활제를 첨가하였을 때보다 탄화수소 분해율이 더 안정적이었다. 그리고 생물계면활성제 (surface tension; 30mN/m)와 화학계면활성제 (Tween 80;39mN/m, detergent;31mN/m)를 0.15% 농도로 첨가하여 배양하였을때, 탄화수소 분해율은 94.2, 93.5, 93.4%로 비슷하였다. 하지만, P. aeruginosa F722의 개체수는 생물계면활성제를 첨가했을 때가 화학계면활성제를 첨가했을 때보다 2배 이상 증가된 19 ${\times}$ $10^{7}$ cfu/$m\ell$로 조사되었다. 0.5vvm으로 공기를 공급하면서 교반을 수행하였을 때, 배양 3일 후, 사용균주를 접종하지 않은 공시험에서 탄화수소 분해율은 68.8%였으며, P. aeruginosa F722를 접종하였을 때는 94.8%이었다. 0.5 vvm으로 공기를 공급하였을 때가 공기를 공급하지 않았을 때보다 배양시간이 1/3로 단축되었다. 그리고 교반배양 (3일)과 정치배양 (10일)에서 탄화수소 분해율은 각각 94.8, 93.7%였다.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.121-140
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• 2010

본 논문은 속도, 온도, 농도, 밀도, 단가, 일인당 국민소득 등의 내포량의 평균을 구할 때, 내포량마다 다른 공식을 적용하여 구해야 하는 불편함을 해소하기 위하여, 지레의 원리를 이용하여 두 내포량의 평균 공식 $M=\frac{x_1f_1+x_2f_2}{f_1+f_2}$를 유도하였고, 이 공식의 관계적 이해를 돕기 위해 지레의 원리를 이용한 조작적 학습법을 제시하였다. 비의 의미의 분수는 그 수치만으로 덧셈을 할 수가 없어 비가법적이라고 한 것을 비중을 적용하여 계산할 수 있음을 보인 것이다. 또한 두 양에서뿐만 아니라 여러 양의 덧셈도 단 한번의 공식에의 적용으로 해결할 수 있도록 확장 적용시킨 $M=\frac{x_1f_1+x_2f_2+{\cdots}+x_nf_n}{N}$ (단, $f_1+f_2+{\cdots}+f_n=N$) 은 새로운 공식이 가중평균을 구하는 공식이었다는 것을 밝혔다. 또한 통계학에서 의문거리였던 하위 제표의 방향성과 다른 모습을 보이는 상위제표의 통계자료에 대한 심프슨의 파라독스의 의문점을 가중평균의 원리를 이용하여 밝혔다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2018

Background: In this study, we observed their growth and physiological responses using a variety of duty ratio under the mixed light using red, blue, and white lights. The red+blue mixed light was treated with 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, and 75% duty ratios and red+blue+white mixed light with 85% and 70% duty ratios. We examined the width and length of leaves, total number of leaves, and number of shoots to examine their growth responses. The physiological responses were studied by measuring their photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence ($F_o$, $F_m$, and $F_v/F_m$). Results: We found that lower duty ratio caused the length and width of the leaves to grow longer under red+blue mixed light but that it did not cause any difference in the red+blue+white mixed light condition. In addition, there was no difference in the number of leaves and shoots among all treatments. In the red+blue mixed light condition, the photosynthetic rate was no difference, but both transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were the highest at 95% duty ratio than in other ratios. Water use efficiency pattern was similar to that of photosynthetic rate; water use efficiency was no difference. Chlorophyll content was the highest at 95% duty ratios, and it was the least at 90%, 85%, and 75% duty ratio. $F_o$ and $F_m$ values were relatively high at 85% and 80% duty ratio and low at 90% duty ratio while $F_v/F_m$ showed no difference. Conclusions: Under the red+blue+white mixed light, all physiological items showed no difference between 70 and 85% treatments. But, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, and $F_v/F_m$ were relatively greater in the red+blue+white mixed light than in the red+blue mixed light. Therefore, red+blue+white mixed light treated with 70% duty ratio could lessen the environmental stress and save more power when cultivating Silene capitata in a plant factory.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2023

Tunnels may undergo a larger or a smaller response compared with the free-field soil. In the pseudo-static procedure, the response of the tunnel is most often characterized by a curve that relates the racking ratio (R) with the flexibility ratio (F), where R represents the ratio of the tunnel response with respect to the free-field vibration and F is the relative stiffness of the tunnel and the surrounding soil. A set of analytical and empirical curves that do not account for the depth and the aspect ratio of the tunnel are typically used in practice. In this study, a series of dynamic analyses are conducted to develop a set of F-R_m relations for use in a frame analysis method. R_m is defined as an adjusted R where the rocking mode of deformation is removed and only the racking deformation is extracted. The numerical model is validated against centrifuge test recordings. The influence of aspect ratio, buried depth of tunnel on results is investigated. The results show that R_m increases with the increase of the buried depth and the aspect ratio. The widely used F-R relations are highlighted to be different compared with the obtained results in this study. Therefore, the updated F-R_m relations with proposed equations are recommended to be used in practice design. The rocking response decreases with either the decrease of the difference of stiffness between surrounding soil and tunnel or the larger aspect ratio of the tunnel section.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

미생물막 유동층 반응기로 염료공장 폐수의 유기물 처리효율을 고찰하였다. 공장폐수를 2배, 3배 및 6배 희석하여 처리하였던 바, 각 희석배율 모두 F/M비가 0.2에서 0.3으로 증가할 때 처리효율이 급격히 낮아졌다. 한편, 같은 F/M비에서는 희석율이 높을수록 처리효율이 높았으며 수리학적 체류시간이 증가함에 따라서 처리효율도 증가하였다. 6배 희석시 F/M비가 0.2 이하에서 BOD 처리효율이 $90{\sim}97%$로 가장 좋았다. 또 반응기 설계를 위한 통역학적 계수 Y, $k_b$값 및 상관계수 r은 2배 희석시 $Y=0.3365\;k_d=0.03782\;day^{-1}\;r=0.997$, 3배 희석시 $Y=0.3341\;k_d=0.0275\;day^{-1}\;r=0.996$ 및 6배 희석시는 $Y=0.5460\;k_d=0.03434\;day^{-1}\;r=0.998$로 나타났다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2002

The trend of consumption of vegetable soybeans is increasing because they are recognized as the clean vegetable. The works requiring the most intensive labor are threshing and seperation ones, and they form about 80% of total labour for vegetable soybeans production. It is necessary to develop the vegetable soybeans-thresher for the sake of cost down of vegetable soybeans production. The purpose of this study is to acquire the basic informations to design of the vegetable soybeans-thresher. We make the experimental system which control the speed of threshing cylinder and the teeth gap and investigate the detachment forces. The result are as follows ; The ratio of un-threshed soybeans-pod to stem after threshing work is decreasing as the threshing cylinder speed increases: 0.0% and 2.8% at 55m/s and 18m/s of threshing cylinder speed respectively. Also the ratio of un-threshed soybeans-pod to stem is shown as 2.0% below in the condition of 64~160mm of teeth gap and over 28m/s of threshing cylinder speed. The damaged pod ratio of detached soybeans after threshing work is decreasing as the threshing cylinder speed increases: 4.8% and 1.3% at 55m/s and 18m/s of threshing cylinder speed respectively. The minimum damaged pod ratio of detached soybeans are shown as 1.0%, 1.5% and 1.9% at 18m/s, 28m/s and 37m/s of threshing cylinder speed respectively. The average detachment forces of pods are shown as 1.5kg$_{f}$ for 3 grains, 1.2kg$_{f}$ for 2 grains and 0.8kg$_{f}$ for 1 grain respectively. The maximum detachment force of pod is shown as 2.7kg$_{f}$ for 3 grains. grains.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.989-998
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 매우 작은 절대 값을 갖는 펨토 패럿 단위의 커패시턴스를 측정 할 수 있는 비율형 커패시턴스 측정 회로를 제안하였다. 제안한 측정 회로는 스위치 커패시터 적분기와 비교기 그리고 스위치를 제어하는 논리 회로와 카운터로 구성되어 있으며, 측정하고자 하는 커패시턴스와 이미 값이 알려진 온-칩 커패시터간의 비율을 측정하고 그 값을 디지털 신호로 출력한다. 그리고 이 비율 값을 통해 오차가 상당부분 제거된 펨토 패럿 단위의 커패시턴스를 구해낼 수 있다. 제안한 커패시턴스 측정 회로는 표준 CMOS $0.18{\mu}m$ 공정을 사용하여 설계되었으며, HSpice 시뮬레이션에서 5fF 이하의 아주 작은 커패시턴스를 오차율 ${\pm}0.3%$ 이내에서 측정이 가능함을 보였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.24-33
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• 2000

This paper investigates the relationship between J-integral and crack tip opening displacement, ${\delta}_t$ using Gordens results of numerical analysis. Estimation were carried out for several strength levels such as ultimate, flow, yield, ultimate-flow, flow-yield stress to determine the influence of strain hardening and the ratio of crack length to width on the $J-{\delta}_t$ relationship. It was found that for SE(B) specimens, the $J-{\delta}_t$ relationship can be applied to relate J to ${\delta}_t$ as follows $J=m_j{\times}{\sigma}_i{\times}{\delta}_t$ where $m_j=1.27773+0.8307({\alpha}/W)$, ${\sigma}_i:{\sigma}_U$, ${\sigma}_{U-F}={\frac{1}{2}} ({\sigma}_U+{\sigma}_F$), ${\sigma}_F$, ${\sigma}_F}$ $Y=({\sigma}_F+{\sigma}_Y)$, ${\sigma}_Y$

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.391-395
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• 2000

In this study, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency(TC $F_{r}$), dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Pb[(S $b_{1}$2/N $b_{1}$2/)$_{0.0035}$-(M $n_{1}$3/N $b_{2}$3/)$_{0.0065}$-(Z $r_{x}$ $Ti_{1-x}$ )$_{0.90}$] $O_3$ceramics is investigated with Zr/Ti ratio. The dielectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor( $k_{p}$) showed the highest values of 1257, 0.562 respectively when the Zr/Ti ratio is 49.5/50.5. The mechanical quality factor( $Q_{m}$) is the lowest value of 713 when the Zr/Ti ratio is 49.5/50.5, and increased with the decrease of the Zr/Ti ratio. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency(TC $F_{r}$) change abruptly at the morphotropic phase boundary(MPB), which is between the rhombohedral phase with highly negative TC $F_{r}$ of -106ppm/$^{\circ}C$ and the tetragonal phase with highly positive TC $F_{r}$ of +64pp $m^{\circ}C$ as Zr/Ti ratio changes from 50/50 to 49.5/50.5.50.5..5.50.5.5.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.121-125
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• 2015

Biohydrogen production from food waste via dark fermentation was conducted by using mixed culture under various environmental conditions (initial pH, initial F/M ratio, initial ferrous iron ($Fe^{2+}$), and temperature condition) in batch reactor. The results revealed that the maximum hydrogen yield of $46.19mL\;H_2/g\;COD_{add}$ was achieved at the optimal conditions (initial pH 8.0, initial F/M ratio 4.0, initial iron concentration 100 mg $FeSO_4/L$ and thermophilic condition ($55{\pm}1^{\circ}C$)). Furthermore, major volatile fatty acid (VFA) productions of butyrate (765.66 mg/L) and acetate (324.69 mg/L) were detected and COD removal efficiency was detected at 66.00%. Therefore, these optimal conditions could be recommended to operate a system.