• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8235-8238
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• 2016

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer causing high morbidity and mortality worldwide. An increasing incidence of lung cancer has been observed in India. Objectives:To evaluate the clinicpathological profile and haematological abnormalities associated with lung cancer in Bangalore, India. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out over a period of 2 years. A total of 96 newly diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of lung cancer were included in the study. Results: Our lung cancer cases had a male to female ratio of 3:1. Distribution of age varied from 40 to 90 years, with a major contribution in the age group between 61 and 80 years (55.2%). Smoking was the commonest risk factor found in 69.7% of patients. The most frequent symptom was cough (86.4%) followed by loss of weight and appetite (65.6%) and dyspnea (64.5%). The most common radiological presentation was a mass lesion (55%). The most common histopathological type was squamous cell carcinoma (47.9%), followed by adenocarcinoma (28.1%) and small cell carcinoma (12.5%). Distant metastasis at presentation was seen in 53.1% patients. Among the haematological abnormalities, anaemia was seen in 61.4% of patients, leucocytosis in 36.4%, thrombocytosis in 14.5% and eosinophilia in 19.7% of patients. Haematological abnormalities were more commonly seen in non small cell lung cancer. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma was found to be the most common histopathological type and smoking still remains the major risk factor for lung cancer. Haematological abnormalities are frequently observed in lung cancer patients, anaemia being the commonest of all.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.454-463
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• 2021

Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) are radiologic abnormalities found incidentally on chest CT that are potentially related to interstitial lung diseases. Several articles have reported that ILAs are associated with increased mortality, and they can show radiologic progression. With the increased recognition of ILAs on CT, the role of radiologists in reporting them is critical. This review aims to discuss the clinical significance and radiologic characteristics of ILAs to facilitate and enhance their management.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.425-429
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• 2008

We investigated algorithm to detect and characterize interstitial lung abnormalities seen at chest radiographs. This method includes a process of 4 directional Laplaction-Gaussian filtering, and a process of linear opacity judgment. Two regions of interest (ROIs) were selected in each right lung of patients, and these ROIs were processed by our computer-analyzing system. For quantitative analysis of interstitial opacities, the radiographic index, which is the percentage of opacity areas in a ROI, was obtained and evaluated in the images. From or result, abnormal lungs were well differentiated from normal lungs. In our algorithm, the processing results were not only given as the numeric data named "radiographic index" but also confirmed with radiologists observation on CRT. The approach, by which the interstitial abnormalities themselves are extracted, is good enough because the results can be confirmed by the observations of radiologists. In conclusion, our system is useful for the detection and characterization of interstitial lung abnormalities.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.134-144
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• 2024

Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) are radiologic abnormalities found incidentally on chest computed tomography (CT) that can be show a wide range of diseases, from subclinical lung fibrosis to early pulmonary fibrosis including definitive usual interstitial pneumonia. To clear up confusion about ILA, the Fleischner society published a position paper on the definition, clinical symptoms, increased mortality, radiologic progression, and management of ILAs based on several Western cohorts and articles. Recently, studies on long-term outcome, risk factors, and quantification of ILA to address the confusion have been published in Asia. The incidence of ILA was 7% to 10% for Westerners, while the prevalence of ILA was about 4% for Asians. ILA is closely related to various respiratory symptoms or increased rate of treatment-related complication in lung cancer. There is little difference between Westerners and Asians regarding the clinical importance of ILA. Although the role of quantitative CT as a screening tool for ILA requires further validation and standardized imaging protocols, using a threshold of 5% in at least one zone demonstrated 67.6% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity, and 90.5% accuracy, and a 1.8% area threshold showed 100% sensitivity and 99% specificity in South Korea. Based on the position paper released by the Fleischner society, I would like to report how much ILA occurs in the Asian population, what the prognosis is, and review what management strategies should be pursued in the future.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.998-1008
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• 2022

Objective: The present study aimed to assess the relationship between incidental abnormalities on thoracic computed tomography (CT) and mortality in a general screening population using a long-term follow-up analysis. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected the medical records and CT images of 840 participants (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 58.5 ± 6.7 years; 564 male) who underwent thoracic CT at a single health promotion center between 2007 and 2010. Two thoracic radiologists independently reviewed all CT images and evaluated any incidental abnormalities (interstitial lung abnormality [ILA], emphysema, coronary artery calcification [CAC], aortic valve [AV] calcification, and pulmonary nodules). Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank and z-tests was performed to assess the relationship between incidental CT abnormalities and all-cause mortality in the subsequent follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to further identify risk factors of all-cause mortality among the incidental CT abnormalities and clinical factors. Results: Among the 840 participants, 55 (6%), 171 (20%), 288 (34%), 396 (47%), and 97 (11%) had findings of ILA, emphysema, CAC, pulmonary nodule, and AV calcification, respectively, on initial CT. The participants were followed up for a mean period ± SD of 10.9 ± 1.4 years. All incidental CT abnormalities were associated with all-cause mortality in univariable analysis (p < 0.05). However, multivariable analysis further revealed fibrotic ILA as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 2.52 [95% confidence interval, 1.02-6.22], p = 0.046). ILA were also identified as an independent risk factor for lung cancer or respiratory disease-related deaths. Conclusion: Incidental abnormalities on screening thoracic CT were associated with increased mortality during the long-term follow-up. Among incidental CT abnormalities, fibrotic ILA were independently associated with increased mortality. Appropriate management and surveillance may be required for patients with fibrotic ILA on thoracic CT obtained for general screening purposes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.122-136
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• 2022

Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) have distinct clinical features, both diseases may coexist in a patient because they share similar risk factors such as smoking, male sex, and old age. Patients with both emphysema in upper lung fields and diffuse ILD are diagnosed with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE), which causes substantial clinical deterioration. Patients with CPFE have higher mortality compared with patients who have COPD alone, but results have been inconclusive compared with patients who have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Poor prognostic factors for CPFE include exacerbation, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. The presence of interstitial lung abnormalities, which may be an early or mild form of ILD, is notable among patients with COPD, and is associated with poor prognosis. Various theories have been proposed regarding the pathophysiology of CPFE. Biomarker analyses have implied that this pathophysiology may be more closely associated with IPF development, rather than COPD or emphysema. Patients with CPFE should be advised to quit smoking and undergo routine lung function tests, and pulmonary rehabilitation may be helpful. Various pharmacologic agents and surgical approaches may be beneficial in patients with CPFE, but further studies are needed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.75 no.6
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• pp.236-237
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• 2013

Many attempts have been made to find genetic abnormalities inducing carcinogenesis after the development of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting EGFR in lung cancer. New target therapies have been already commercialized and studied along with the recent discovery of gene rearrangement involved in the carcinogenic process of non-small cell lung cancer. This study aims to investigate anplastic lymphoma kinase, c-ros oncogene 1, and receptor tyrosine kinase, in particular.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2004

Respiratory effects in full time welders include bronchitis, airway irritation, lung function changes, and lung fibrosis. Welder's pneumoconiosis has been generally determined to be benign and not associated with respiratory symptoms based on the absence of pulmonary function abnormalities in welders with marked radiographic abnormalities. Accordingly, to investigate pulmonary function changes during 60 days induced by welding-fume exposure, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to manual metal arc-stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes with concentrations of 64.8$\pm$0.9 mg/$m^3$ (low dose) and 107.8 $\pm$ 2.6 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total suspended particulates for 2 hr/day, 5 days/week in an inhalation chamber for 60 days. Pulmonary function was measured every week with whole body plethysmograph compensated (WBP Comp, SFT38116, Buxco Electronics, Sharon, CT). The rats exposed to the high dose of welding fumes exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05~0.01) body weight decrease as compared to the control whereas cell number increase of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (total cell, macrophage, polymorphonuclear cell and lymphocyte) during the 60 days exposure period. And only tidal volume was significantly decreased in dosedependantly during 60 days of MMA-SS welding fume exposure. This pulmonary function change with inflammatory cell recruitment confirms the lung injury caused by the MMA-SS welding fume exposure.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1983

Sixty-nine patients with diffuse lung uptake of $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid were evaluated to determine the kinds of associated diseases, the incidence of associated liver scan abnormalities, and prognosis. The results were as follows: 1) Diseases associated with diffuse lung uptake included malignancies in 31 patients, infectious diseases in 19, chronic liver diseases in 14, and others in 5. It appeared that the marked degree of lung uptake was associated with severe diseases. 2) Thirty-one of the 69 patients(45%) had abnormal liver size, 43(62%) had space occupying lesions or nonhomogeneity in liver image, 37(54%) had splenomegaly and 45(65%) had increased splenic uptake. Increased bone marrow uptake was found in 48(70%) and renal uptake in 15(22%). As the degree of lung uptake increased, there was a statistically significant (p<0.05) tendency for the incidences of the abnormal liver image and renal uptake to increase. 3) Sixty-two of the 69 patients were followed up for one to 439 days(mean 44 days) after liver scanning. Eleven(18%) were dead, 10(16%) were aggravated, and 13(21%) were improved. Most of improved patients had infectious diseases. It appeared that diffuse lung uptake of $^{99m}Tc-Tn$ colloid was found in the various diseases including malignancies, infections, and chronic liver diseases, and that it was strongly associated with other liver scan abnormalities, but was not necessarily associated with a poor prognosis, particularly when underlying diseases were infections.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.919-924
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• 2020

Objective: The current study reported a case series to illustrate the early computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: All pediatric patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and who underwent CT scan in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from January 20, 2020 to February 28, 2020 were included in the current study. Data on clinical and CT features were collected and analyzed. Results: Four children were included in the current study. All of them were asymptomatic throughout the disease course (ranging from 7 days to 15 days), and none of them showed abnormalities in blood cell counts. Familial cluster was the main transmission pattern. Thin-section CT revealed abnormalities in three patients, and one patient did not present with any abnormal CT findings. Unilateral lung involvement was observed in two patients, and one patient showed bilateral lung involvement. In total, five small lesions were identified, including ground-glass opacity (n = 4) and consolidation (n = 1). All lesions had ill-defined margins with peripheral distribution and predilection of lower lobe. Conclusion: Small patches of ground-glass opacity with subpleural distribution and unilateral lung involvement were common findings on CT scans of pediatric patients in the early stage of the disease.