• 전기화학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.88-93
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• 2005

고체산화물 연료전지의 작동온도를 낮추고 셀의 출력 밀도를 향상시키기 위해 연료극 지지체식 셀을 제조하고 공기극의 구조를 개선시켜 그 특성을 조사 분석하였다. 셀 제조는 습식법에 의해 이루어졌으며, 제조된 연료극 지지체상에 전해질을 코팅하고 최종적으로 공기극을 코팅하였다. 제조된 셀은 $8mol\%\;V_2O_3$로 안정화된 $ZrO_2(YSZ)$ 전해질 층 및 Ni/YSZ 연료극 지지체로 이루어졌으며, 공기극은 $(La_{0.85}Sr_{0.15})_{0.9}MnO_{3-x}(LSM),\;LSM/YSZ(LY)$ 복합체, $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_3{LSCF)$를 두층 또는 3층으로 두께를 변화시키면서 코팅하였다 임피던스로 전기화학적 특성을 조사하였으며, $3\%$수분을 함유한 수소와 공기로 $800^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 단전지의 성능을 평가하였다 작동온도 $800^{\circ}C$에서, $LY\;9{\mu}m/LSM\;9{\mu}m/LSCF\;17{\mu}m$의 다층이 코팅된 전지가 $590mW/cm^2$로 가장 좋은 성능을 나타냈으며, $0.244{\Omega}cm^2$로 가장 작은 분극저항을 가졌다. 측정된 임피던스 결과, 공기극의 분극저항이 3층 코팅된 셀의 경우 가장 작게 나타났음을 확인하였으며, 이것은 LY복합전극에 의한 전극 계면 저항 감소뿐 만 아니라 LSCF에 의한 공기극의 산소환원 반응의 전하이동 저항이 감소하였기 때문인 것으로 해석된다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.189-192
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• 2014

Yttria-stablized zirconia (YSZ) is the most commonly used electrolyte material, but the reduction in working temperature leads to insufficient ionic conductivity. Ceria based electrolytes (GDC) are more attractive in terms of conductivity at low temperature, but these materials are well known to be reducible at very low oxygen partial pressure. The reduction of electrolyte resistivity is necessary to overcome cell performance losses. So, thin YSZ/GDC bilayer technology seems suitable for decreasing the electrolyte resistance at lower operating temperatures. Bilayer electrolytes composed of a galdolinium-doped $CeO_2$ ($Ce_{0.9}Gd_{0.1}O_{1.95}$, GDC) layer and yttria-stabilized $ZrO_2$ (YSZ) layer with various thicknesses were deposited by RF sputtering and E-beam evaporation. The bilayer electrolytes were deposited between porous Ni-GDC anode and LSM cathode for anode-supported single cells. Thin film structure and surface morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), using $CuK{\alpha}$-radiation in the range of 2ce morphol$^{\circ}C$. The XRD patterns exhibit a well-formed cubic fluorite structure, and sharp lines of XRD peaks can be observed, which indicate a single solid solution. The morphology and size of the prepared particles were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The performance of the cells was evaluated over $500{\sim}800^{\circ}C$, using humidified hydrogen as fuel, and air as oxidant.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.740-749
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• 2011

온실가스 및 대기오염물질 배출 규제는 고효율 및 친환경에 적합한 새로운 선박용 동력장치의 필요성을 제기하고 있다. 최근 이와 같은 문제들을 근본적으로 해결하기 위한 지속가능한 방법으로서 연료전지를 선박의 동력발생장치로 도입하고자 하는 검토가 진행되고 있다. 본 논문은 가솔린 연료를 기반으로 한 고체산화물형 연료전지시스템의 성능 특성을 분석한 것으로 스택의 작동온도, 전류밀도, S/C, 예열기 온도효율, 수소연료 이용률의 영향을 시뮬레이션으로 검토하고 있으며, 그 결과를 기체연료인 메탄의 경우와 비교하고 있다. 그 결과로 유기전압과 산소이용률이 시스템의 성능에 미치는 영향이 크며 가솔린 연료 시스템의 효율은 메탄의 경우보다 높지 않다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.696-702
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• 2007

The family of (Sr,Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ compounds, which exhibit high ionic conductivity at $600-800^{\circ}C$ over a wide range of oxygen partial pressure, appears to be promising as the electrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Conventional synthesis routes of (Sr,Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ compounds based on solid state reaction have some problems such as the formation of impurity phases, long sintering time and Ga loss during high temperature sintering. Phase stability problem especially, the formation of additional phases at the grain boundary is detrimental to the electrical properties of the electrolyte. From this point of view, we focused to synthesize single phase (Sr,Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ electrolyte at the stage of powder synthesis and to apply relatively low heat-treatment temperature using novel synthesis route based on combustion method. The synthesized powder and sintered bulk electrolytes were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA, FT-IR and SEM. AC impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the electrical transport properties of the electrolyte with the consideration of the contribution of the bulk lattice and grain boundary to the total conductivity. Finally, relationship between synthesis condition and electrical properties of the (Sr, Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ electrolytes was discussed with the consideration of phase analysis results.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.208-217
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• 2014

$La_{0.8}Sr_{0.2}Ga_{0.8}Mg_{0.2-x}Zn_xO_{2.8}$(LSGMZ, X=0-0.05) was prepared using a solid state reaction method. Two secondary phases ($LaSrGaO_4$ and $LaSrGa_3O_7$) of powders were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The relative amount of these secondary phases depended on the calcination conditions (temperature and time) and Zn content. The sintering density of LSGMZ was enhanced by increasing the Zn content and calcination temperature at the low sintering temperatures ($1250-1300^{\circ}C$). The relationship between the sintering density of LSGMZ and the synthesis conditions was discussed considering the phase analysis results.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.356-363
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• 2010

For this paper, we investigated the area specific resistance (ASR) of commercially available ferritic stainless steels with different chemical compositions for use as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) interconnect. After 430h of oxidation, the STS446M alloy demonstrated excellent oxidation resistance and low ASR, of approximately 40 $m{\Omega}cm^2$, of the thermally grown oxide scale, compared to those of other stainless steels. The reason for the low ASR is that the contact resistance between the Pt paste and the oxide scale is reduced due to the plate-like shape of the $Cr_2O_3$(s). However, the acceptable ASR level is considered to be below 100 $m{\Omega}cm^2$ after 40,000 h of use. To further improve the electrical conductivity of the thermally grown oxide on stainless steels, the Co layer was deposited on the stainless steel by means of an electroless deposition method; it was then thermally oxidized to obtain the $Co_3O_4$ layer, which is a highly conductive layer. With the increase of the Co coating thickness, the ASR value decreased. For Co deposited STS444 with 2 ${\mu}m$hickness, the measured ASR at $800^{\circ}$ after 300 h oxidation is around 10 $m{\Omega}cm^2$, which is lower than that of the STS446M, which alloy has a lower ASR value than that of the non-coated STS. The reason for this improved high temperature conductivity seems to be that the Mn is efficiently diffused into the coating layer, which diffusion formed the highly conductive (Mn,Co)$_3O_4$ spinel phases and the thickness of the $Cr_2O_3$(S), which is the rate controlling layer of the electrical conductivity in the SOFC environment and is very thin

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.404-411
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• 2012

The reliability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) particularly depends on the high quality of solid oxide electrolytes. The application of thinner electrolytes and multi electrolyte layers requires a more reliable characterization method. Most of the investigations on thin film solid electrolytes have been made for the parallel transport along the interface, which is not however directly related to the fuel cell performance of those electrolytes. In this work an array of ion-blocking metallic Ti/Au microelectrodes with about a $160{\mu}m$ diameter was applied on top of an ultrathin ($1{\mu}m$) yttria-stabilized-zirconia/gadolinium-doped-ceria (YSZ/GDC) heterolayer solid electrolyte in a micro-SOFC prepared by PLD as well as an 8-${\mu}m$ thick YSZ layer by screen printing, to study the transport characteristics in the perpendicular direction relevant for fuel cell operation. While the capacitance variation in the electrode area supported the working principle of the measurement technique, other local variations could be related to the quality of the electrolyte layers and deposited electrode points. While the small electrode size and low temperature measurements increaseed the electrolyte resistances enough for the reliable estimation, the impedance spectra appeared to consist of only a large electrode polarization. Modulus representation distinguished two high frequency responses with resistance magnitude differing by orders of magnitude, which can be ascribed to the gadolinium-doped ceria buffer electrolyte layer with a 200 nm thickness and yttria-stabilized zirconia layer of about $1{\mu}m$. The major impedance response was attributed to the resistance due to electron hole conduction in GDC due to the ion-blocking top electrodes with activation energy of 0.7 eV. The respective conductivity values were obtained by model analysis using empirical Havriliak-Negami elements and by temperature adjustments with respect to the conductivity of the YSZ layers.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.71-74
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• 2010

We have investigated protonic conduction in highly dense (>98%) polycrystalline Y-doepd $BaZrO_3$ (BYZ) ceramic with an average grain size of ~85 nm. It is observed that the protonic conductivity across the grain boundaries in this nano-crystallilne BYZ (n-BYZ) is significantly higher than the microcrystalline counterpart. Such a remarkable enhancement in grain boundary conductivity results in high overall conductivity that may allow this chemically stable protonic conductor to serve as a solid electrolyte for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.82-85
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• 2010

Recently, thin film processes for oxides and metal deposition, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), have been widely adapted to fabricate solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this paper, we presented two research area of the use of such techniques. Gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) showed high ionic conductivity and could guarantee operation at low temperature. But the electron conductivity at low oxygen partial pressure and the weak mechanical property have been significant problems. To solve these issues, we coated GDC electrolyte with a nano scale yittria-doped stabilized zirconium (YSZ) layer via atomic layer deposition (ALD). We expected that the thin YSZ layer could have functions of electron blocking and preventing ceria from the reduction atmosphere. Yittria-doped barium zirconium (BYZ) has several orders higher proton conductivity than oxide ion conductor as YSZ and also has relatively high chemical stability. The fabrication processes of BYZ is very sophisticated, especially the synthesis of thin-film BYZ. We discussed the detailed fabrication processes of BYZ as well as the deposition of electrode. This paper discusses possible cell structure and process flow to accommodate such films.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2011

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have many attractive features for widespread applications in generation systems. Recently, stainless steels have attractive materials for metallic bipolar plate because metallic bipolar plates have many benefits compared to others such as graphite and composite bipolar plates. SOFC operates on high temperature of about $800{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ than other fuel cell systems. Thus, many studies have attempted to reduced the operation temperature of SOFC to about $600{\sim}800^{\circ}C$, which is the intermediate temperature (IT) of SOFC. Low cost and high-temperature corrosion resistance are very important for the practical applications of SOFC in various industries. In this study, two specimens, 304 and 430 stainless steels with and without different pre-surface treatments on the surface were investigated. And, specimens were exposed at high temperature in the box furnace under oxidation atmosphere of $800^{\circ}C$. Oxidation behavior have been investigated with the materials exposed at different times (100 hrs and 400 hrs) by SEM, EDS and XRD. By increasing exposure time, the amount of metal oxide increased in the order like; STS304 < STS430 and As-received < As-polished < Sand-blast specimens.