• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.719-726
• /
• 2001

Transdermal drug delivery offers various advantages over conventional drug delivery systems, such as avoidance gastrointestinal degradation and hepatic first-pass effect. encourages patient compliance. and possible sustained release of drugs. However, transdermal transport of drugs is low permeability of the stratum corneum, the superficial layer of the skin. Many physicochemical and biological factors influencing transdermal transport is described together with the corresponding experimental and clinical results. Phonophoresis is medical treatment with drugs introduced into the skin by ultrasound energy. Enhanced drug penetration is through to result from the biophysical alterations of skin structure by ultrasound waves. The frequency used for phonophoresis is usually from 20 kHz to 15MHz. Phonophoresis can be categorized in to three ranges: low-frequency range(below 1 MHz). therapeutic frequency range(1 to 3MHz), and high-frequency range(above 3 MHz). The depth of penetration of ultrasound into skin is inversely proportional to the frequency. Cavitation may cause mechanical stress. temperature elevation, or enhanced chemical reactivity causing drug transport. One theory is that ultrasound affects the permeation of the stratum corneum lipid structure as the limiting step in permeating through the skin. The range of indications for phonophoresis is wide. Aspecific classification of the range of indications is obtained by classification of pathological conditions. The continuous research is needed for many interesting issucs of phonophoretic transdermal delivory in new future.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
• /
• 제22권11호
• /
• pp.1113-1120
• /
• 2012

This paper deals with the analysis of interior noise and low frequency noise characteristic for the Busan citizens to use public transport, Busan Metro Line 3. The interior noise evaluation index, articulation index(AI) is evaluated the lower value about average 22 % in a whole range, this is difficult to have a conversation. Also, noise criteria(NC) curve is partially evaluated as NC-65 below 2000 Hz, space type is evaluated as factories. Another of interior noise evaluation index, preferred speech interference level(PSIL) is evaluated the upper value about average 66 dB(A) in a whole range, this is evaluated to be interrupted. In the case of low frequency noise(20~200 Hz), the measurement of low frequency noise is assessed largely beyond noise criteria of ISO 226. The low frequency noise should be reduced because low frequency noise affects on psychological stress and displeasure although low frequency noise is not recognized by auditory sense. The low frequency noise criteria and guideline will be enacted from now on in Korea.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
• /
• pp.467-472
• /
• 2007

A modern MEMS resonator is a micro-scale structure operated over a high frequency range. In order to predict its resonant behavior in a design process, High-frequency response analysis (Hi-FRA) is demanded. Algebraic substructuring (AS) is known as a fast numerical technique to construct an eigenspace for FR and frequency sweep (FS) algorithm efficiently solves the frequency response system projected on the eigenspace. However, the existing FS algorithm using AS is developed for low-FRA, say over the range 1Hz-2KHz. In this work, we extend the FS algorithm using AS for FRA over an arbitrary frequency range. Therefore, it can be efficiently applied to systems operated at a high frequency, say over the range 230MHz-250MHz. The success of the proposed method is demonstrated by Hi-FRA of a checkerboard resonator.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.1183-1186
• /
• 2007

The low frequency noise, including infra-sound is known to affect human physiology and psychology. Guidelines and measurement method of low frequency noise has been introduced in several countries in order to evaluate low frequency noise. In this work, low frequency noise characteristics of dump truck was investigated in terms of the noise level and spectrum. The interior sound pressure level of the dump truck was between 60 and 105 dB in the frequency range of $1{\sim}250$ Hz.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.887-890
• /
• 2007

The low frequency noise, including infra-sound is known to affect human physiology and psychology. Guidelines and measurement method of low frequency noise has been introduced in several countries in order to evaluate low frequency noise. In this work, low frequency characteristics of Daejeon subway was investigated in terms of the noise level and spectrum in the interior of running subway car and the subway station. The interior sound pressure level of the passenger car was between 60 and 102 dB in the frequency range of $1{\sim}250$ Hz.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.146-151
• /
• 2009

This paper presents a low-loss broadband balun that uses a coplanar waveguide-to-slotline field transformation. It operates over a very wide frequency range and is of compact size since it does not depend on a resonant structure. To analyse imbalance, the coplanar wavelength(CPW) input ground is connected to the CPW output ground through various capacitors to introduce common-mode impedances. As the common-mode impedance increased the imbalance became significantly higher at the higher-frequency band compared with the lower-frequency band. The bias-circuit approach is used to improve the operation bandwidth of the lower-frequency band. The measured results show a passband of 200 MHz to 2 GHz, an insertion loss of less than 0.75 dB, and a size of $20{\times}14\;mm$. The amplitude imbalance is approximately 0.3 dB and the phase imbalance is less than $6^{\circ}$ over the entire operational range.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.1205-1208
• /
• 2006

This paper introduces a study for the noise reduction of a range hood for household. Generally, range hoods have a built-in sirocco fan from which rumbling noise is generated. Though the rumbling noise has low noise level. this noise makes most of the users nervous due to the its low frequency characteristics. For the purpose of noise reduction, in this study, a micro-perforated panel system is installed in the fan housing of range hood. From the experimental results, it is confirmed that the noise level emitted from the range hood is decreased over 2dB(A) in all frequency regions due to the effect of noise reduction by micro-perforated panel system.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.249-253
• /
• 2008

The indirect-contact ECG (IDC-ECG) was introduced by a prior study for daily non-intrusive measurements. To improve the signal quality and to extend the application area of IDC-ECG, close study of the frequency characteristics of the IDC-ECG is necessary. In this study, the frequency response of the active electrode for several sample clothes was measured under conditions of actual IDC-ECG measurement with human body. Higher gain in low frequency range than expected by prior study was observed. In addition to it, wide variation in gain according to the cloth type in the low frequency range was observed. Variation in gain caused by moisture variation in the clothes was also observed. This study shows that the parallel R-C connection is proper for electrode model and the resistive factor is influenced by moisture in the clothes. This study is the first that provides the frequency response of the electrode in the actual indirect-contact ECG measurement and it is expected that the results will be helpful to improve the indirect-contact ECG method.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 1985

The influences of $Ca^{2+}-antagonists$, verapamil and $Mn^{2+}$, upon the spontaneous electrical activity and contractions were studied in guinea-pig taenia coli. Spontaneous contractions were recorded with force transducer, and spike action potentials were measured extracellularly by use of suction electrode. All experiments were performed in tris-buffered Tyrode solution Which was aerated With 100% $O_2$ and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. The results obtained were as follows : 1) Verapamil suppressed the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions dose dependently, and blocked completely mechanical responses at the concentration of 1 mg/1. 2) The frequency of bursts of spike discharge(bursts frequency) and the number of spikes in a burst(spikes frequency) were reduced in a dose·dependent manner within the concentration range of $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-3}g/l$, and bursts frequency was affected more readily at a low concentration of $10^{-5}g/l$ verapamil. 3) The verapamil_induced suppression of spontaneous contractions in the Tyrode solution containing 1 mM $Ca^{2+}$ was completely antagonized by the addition of extra $Ca^{2+}$ to the Tyrode solution $(2\;m\;MCa^{2+})$. 4) $Mn^{2+}$ suppressed the amplitude of spontaneous contractions, whereas $Mn^{2+}$ accelerated the frequency dose-dependently within the range of low concentrations$(10^{-7}\;to\;10^{-4}\;M\;Mn^{2+})$. 5) The bursts frequency determining frequency of spontaneous contractions was increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the spikes frequency known to determine the contractions amplitude was reduced within the range of low concentrations. At a high concentration of 1 mM $Mn^{2+}$, however, all spontaneous contractile responses were blocked simultaneously with the disapperance of electrical activity. 6) The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions altered by $Mn^{2+}$ in 1mM $Ca^{2+}$ Tyrode were increased by extra $Ca^{2+}(2mM)$.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
• /
• 제48권3호
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 2011

본 논문은 평행 결합 선로와 FLCLM(Frquency Locked Controlled Length Method)을 이용하여 저주파의 기생 신호 와 2차 고조파가 억압된 소형 협대역 개방형 스터브 대역통과 필터에 대하여 새롭게 제안 하였다. 평행 결합 선로의 특징은 저파주대역의 기생 신호와 2차 고조파를 억압 할 수가 있다. 최종 설계한 필터의 실험 결과에서 사용되는 대역의 중심 주파수는 5.8 GHz 이고 대역폭 10 % 이며 삽입 및 반사 손실은 각각 1.2 dB 및 14.8 dB 이다. 추가적으로 저주파 및 고조파 억제는 각각 28.9 dB 및 28.8 dB 이다.