• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2005

Whole bee venom (WBV) and its major component, melittin, have been reported to induce long-lasting spontaneous flinchings and hyperalgesia. The current study was designed to elucidate the peripheral and spinal mechanisms of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors by which intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of WBV and melittin induced nociceptive responses. Changes in mechanical threshold and flinching behaviors were measured after the injection of WBV (0.04 mg or 0.1 mg/paw) and melittin (0.02 mg or 0.05 mg/paw) into the mid-plantar area of a rat hindpaw. MK-801 and CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium) were administered intrathecally (i.t. $10{\mu}g$) or i.pl.($15{\mu}g$) 15 min before or i.t. 60 min after i.pl. WBV and melittin injection. Intrathecal pre- and postadministration of MK-801 and CNQX significantly attenuated the ability of high dose WBV and melittin to reduce paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). In the rat injected with low dose, but not high dose, of WBV and melittin, i.pl. injection of MK-801 effectively suppressed the decrease of PWTs only at the later time-points, but the inhibitory effect of CNQX (i.pl.) was significant at all time-point after the injection of low dose melittin. High dose WBV- and melittin-induced spontaneous flinchings were significantly suppressed by i.t. administration of MK-801 and CNQX, and low dose WBV- and melittin-induced flinchings were significantly reduced only by intraplantarly administered CNQX, but not by MK-801. These experimental flinchings suggest that spinal, and partial peripheral mechanisms of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are involved in the development and maintenance of WBV- and melittin-induced nociceptive responses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3589-3593
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• 2012

Objective: Evaluation and assessment of response rate, duration and toxicity in patients subjected to 5-FU based chemotherapy. Background: The therapeutic ratio shifts with different 5FU/LV regimens and none yet serve as the internationally accepted Gold Standard. A bimonthly regimen of high dose leucovorin is reported to be less toxic and more effective than monthly low dose regimens. We here compare therapeutic responses and survival benefit of the two regimens in poor prognosis patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Patients and Methods: A total of 35 patients with histologically confirmed colorectal carcinoma were subjected to de Gramont and Mayo Clinic regimen. Nineteen patients were treated with high dose folinic acid ($200mg/m^2$), glucose 5%, 5-FU ($400mg/m^2$) and 22 hr. CIV ($600mg/m^2$) for two consecutive days every two weeks. These patients had failed responses to previous chemotherapy and were above sixty years of age with poor general status. Sixteen patients (six below 60 years) with progressive disease were subjected to low dose folinic acid ($20mg/m^2$)for five days, 5FU($425mg/m^2$) injection bolus for 5 days, every five weeks. An initial evaluation was made in sixty days and responders were reevaluated at sixty days interval or earlier in case of clinical impairment. Based on positive prognosis, the therapy was continued. Evaluation of treatment response was made on the basis of WHO criteria. Results: The response rate was 44% in thirty four evaluable patients, with 4 complete responses (11.8%) and 11 (32.4%) partial responses. The two schedules were well tolerated, whereas, mild toxicity without WHO Grade ${\geq}2$ events was assessed. The response duration was extended (12 months) in a few patients with age above sixty years treated by high dose bimonthly regimen of 5FU/LV. Conclusion: The regimens are safe and effective in advanced colorectal carcinoma patients with poor general status.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2010

In order to investigate the preliminary repeat oral dose toxicity and to determine the highest dosage for further 4-week repeated dose toxicity test, Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan (LMF) has been showed various pharmacological effects, was orally administered to female and male rats, once a day for 14 days at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body weights) in a volume of 10 ml/kg. The mortality and changes on the body weights, clinical signs, hematology, serum biochemistry and gross observations were monitored with organ weight and histopathology of principle organs. As the results of 14-day repeated oral treatment of LMF, no LMF treatment related mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female rats, respectively. In addition, no noticeable changes on the body weight and clinical signs were detected except for significant decreases on the body weights and gains restricted to male 2,000 mg/kg treated groups as compared with male vehicle control. No meaningful changes on the organ weights, hematological, serum biochemistrical, gross and histopathological findings were observed. Therefore the highest dosage in the 4-week repeated dose toxicity test is suggested as 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male rats, respectively.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.501-505
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• 2005

Immu-Forte composed of chitosan, ${\beta}-glucan$, manno-oligosaccharide and pangamic acid was evaluated for its effectiveness as a nonspecific immunostimulator in mice. The effects of Immu-Forte were determined by analysis of cytokines using ELISA and phenotype of leukocyte subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies specific to mouse leukocyte differentiation antigens and flow cytometry. All T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in Immu-Forte A-treated group increased in 1 months posttreatment and were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control at 1 months posttreatment. All T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages and IL-2 in Immu-Forte EX-treated low and middle dose groups increased in 1 months posttreatment and were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control at 1 months posttreatment. In the Immu-Forte soybean-treated group, NK cells and IL-4 were significantly higher in middle dose-treated group, and IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-r were significantly higher in low dose-treated group. In the Immu-Forte F-treated group, all T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages, NK cells, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in high dose-treated group and all T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in middle dose-treated group and NK cells, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in low dose-treated group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control at 1 months posttreatment. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that Immu-Forte had an immunostimulatory effect on mice through proliferation and activation of mouse immune cells.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.106-111
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• 2021

Background: Crookes tube is utilized in junior high and high schools in Japan to study the character of electrons and current, and not for radiological education. There is no official guideline or regulation for these radiation source to the public. Therefore, most teachers have no information about the leakage of X-rays from Crookes tube. The peak energy of X-rays is approximately 20 keV, and it is impossible to measure using conventional survey meters. Materials and Methods: Each leakage dose of low energy X-rays from 38 Crookes tube in the education field, such as junior and senior high schools in Japan, was explored by the teachers in the school using radio-photoluminescence (RPL) dosimeters. Before and after the measurements, the dosimeters were sent by postal mails. Results and Discussion: At the exploration in this study, it was estimated that the 70 ㎛ dose equivalent, H_p(0.07) of X-rays from 31 Crookes tubes were smaller than 100 µSv in 10 minutes, at the distance of 1 m, where the Crookes tube was usually observed. However, the highest dose was estimated as 0.69 mSv by an equipment with the full power. Furthermore, one Crookes tube exhibited 0.62 mSv with minimum output power of the induction coil. This relatively large dose was reduced by the shorter distance of discharge electrodes of the induction coil. Conclusion: The leakage dose of low energy X-rays from 38 Crookes tube was explored using RPL dosimeters. It was estimated that the H_p(0.07) of X-rays from 31 Crookes tubes were smaller than 100 µSv in 10 minutes at the distance of 1 m, while some equipment radiated a higher dose. With this study, the provisional guideline for the safety operation of Crookes tube is established.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.340-348
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• 2012

흉부영역에서 토모신테시스 검사의 유용성 평가를 위하여 흉부단순검사와 저 선량 CT, 토모신테시스를 실시하여 흡수선량을 비교하고 영상을 평가하였다. 흉부단순검사의 흡수선량은 $0.33{\pm}0.27$ mGy 이었으며, 저 선량 CT는 $1.26{\pm}0.56$ mGy, 토모신테시스는 $0.55{\pm}0.02$ mGy로 검사별 흡수선량 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 영상의 평가결과 단순검사 점수는 각각 $1.66{\pm}0.72$, $1.61{\pm}0.63$, $1.57{\pm}0.73$ 이었으며 저 선량 CT는 $2.92{\pm}0.26$, $2.91{\pm}0.29$, $2.88{\pm}0.32$ 이었고, 토모신테시스는 $2.69{\pm}0.51$, $2.76{\pm}0.43$, $2.66{\pm}0.61$로 검사에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으나(p<0.001), 저 선량 CT와 토모신테시스 사이에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 토모신테시스는 흉부영역의 검사 시 환자의 피폭선량을 최소화하고 진단의 효과를 높일 수 있는 유용한 검사라고 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 1981

Ethanol 투여(投與) 용량(容量)에 따른 혈압(血壓)과 신기능(腎機能)의 변화(變化)를 알아보고자 흰쥐의 복부대동맥(腹部大動脈)에 catheter 를 삽입(揷入)하고 그 다른 끝을 목뒤로 끌어낸 후(後) 1주일(週日)이상 수술(手術)에서 회복(恢復)시킨 다음 실험(實驗)에 사용(使用)하였다. 실험직전(實驗直前)에 방광(膀胱)을 비운 뒤 metabolism cage에 넣어 안정(安靜)시킨 후(後) 60분(分)에 복부대동맥(腹部大動脈)의 catheter를 통(通)하여 평균동맥혈압(平均動脈血壓)(MAP)을 직접(直接) 측정(測定)하고 동맥혈액(動脈血液)과 뇨(尿)를 채취(採取)하였다. 곧 이어 ethanol 은 10 g% (저농도(低濃度)), 또는 30 g% (고농도(高濃度)) 용액(溶液)을, 대조실험(對照實驗)으로는 물을, 체중(體重) 100 g 당(當) 1 ml 씩 각각(各各) 경구(經口) 투여(投與)하였다. 용액투여후(溶液投與後) 3시간(時間)동안 MAP를 측정(測定)하고, 혈액(血液)은 매(每) 시간(時間)마다, 뇨(尿)는 90분(分) 간격(間隔)으로 채취(採取)하여 다음의 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 혈중(血中) ethanol 농도(濃度)는 ethanol 투여후(投與後) 1시간(時間)에 최고치(最高値)를 나타내고 (저농도(低濃度); $105.0{\pm}7.5,$ 고농도(高濃度); $214.7{\pm}20.2\;mg%$), 그후 직선적(直線的)으로 감소(減少)하였다. MAP는 물투여군(投與群)에서는 변화(變化)가 없었으나 ethanol 투여군(投與群)에서는 15분(分)부터 감소(減少)하기 시작(始作)하여 3시간(時間)동안 계속유의(繼續有意)하게 감소(減少)된 상웅(狀熊)를 나타내었다. 뇨량(尿量)은 ethanol 투여군(投與群)에서는 90분(分)동안에 유의(有意)한 증가(增加)를 보여주었고 (저농도(低濃度); $0.88{\pm}0.20{\rightarrow}1.04{\pm}0.22,$ 고농도(高濃度); $0.56{\pm}0.11{\rightarrow}1.35{\pm}0.18\;ml/1.5\;hr$), 180분(分)동안에는 뇨량(尿量)이 ethanol 투여전(投與前)보다 더 낮았다(저농도(低濃度); $0.25{\pm}0.06$, 고농도(高濃度); $0.22{\pm}0.06\;ml/1.5\;hr$). 물투여군(投與群)에서는 뇨량(尿量)이 계속(繼續) 감소(減少)하였다$(0.88{\pm}0.10{\rightarrow}0.59{\pm}0.09{\rightarrow}0.45{\pm}0.09\;ml/1.5\;hr)$. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)는 ethanol의 혈중농도(血中濃度)가 높을수록 더 심(甚)한 혈압강하작용(血壓降下作用)을 나타내며, ethanol 로 인(因)한 이뇨작용(利尿作用)도 ethanol 량(量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 뇨량(尿量)도 증가(增加)함을 보여 주었다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.208-214
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• 2015

이 연구 목적은 부분유방 방사선조사 시 저자기장이 선량분포에 주는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 11명의 초기 유방암 환자들이 뷰레이 시스템에서 38.5 Gy를 10회의 부분유방 방사선 조사 방법으로 치료를 받았다. 모든 치료계획은 저자기장이 있을 때와 없을 때의 선량분포를 각각 계산하고, 각 구조물에 대하여 선량과 용적의 차이값을 평가하였다. 치료계획용적에 대해서는 평균선량, 최소, 최대 선량 그리고 처방선량의 최소한 90%, 95%, 107%를 조사받는 용적을 각각 분석에 포함하였다. 정상조직장기 중 치료와 동일한 방향 폐는 평균선량, 20 Gy를 받는 용적을 평가하고, 반대방향의 폐는 평균선량만 평가하였다. 심장은 평균선량, 최대선량과 20 Gy를 받는 용적을 각각 평가하였다. 내 외각 껍질구조에 대해서는 평균선량, 최소, 최대 선량을 각각 평가하였다. 치료계획용적의 경우 저자기장에 의한 선량 분포의 영향은 최대 2%의 용적 변화, 4 Gy 선량 변화 차이를 보였다. 정상조직 장기에 대해서는 자기장에 의한 선량 분포의 영향은 발견되지 않았다. 내 외각 껍질구조에서 두 선량분포 계산에서 평균값의 차이는 작지만 평균선량의 차이가 유효하게 나타났다. 최소 선량 분석에서는 내 외각 껍질구조에서 차이가 없었다. 자기장에 의한 선량 분포의 영향은 외각 껍질구조에서 최대선량 값 분석에서 $5.0{\pm}10.5Gy$으로 나타났다. Co-60 빔을 이용한 세기조절 방사선치료계획의 부분유방 방사선조사 치료에서 0.35 T 저자기장에 의한 선량 분포 영향은 인체 내부에서는 크게 발견되지 않았다. 다만 인체 외부에서 선량 증가가 관찰되었고, 이는 치료시스템 헤드에서 발생되는 이차전자와 인체 표면 부근에서 산란된 이차전자가 자기장의 방향으로 이동하면서 선량 분포를 형성하고 있다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.296-303
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• 2003

A personal portable type electronic dosimeter using silicon PIN photodiode and small GM tube is recently attracting much attention due to its advantages such as an immediate indication function of dose and dose rate, alerting function, and efficient management of radiation exposure history and dose data. We designed and manufactured a semiconductor radiation detector aimed to directly measure X-ray and v-ray irradiated in silicon PIN photodiode, without using high-priced scintillation materials. Using this semiconductor radiation detector, we developed an active electronic dosimeter, which measures the exposure dose using pulse counting method. In this case, it has a shortcoming of over-evaluating the dose that shows the difference between the dose measured with electronic dosimeter and the dose exposed to the human body in a low energy area. We proposed an energy compensation filter and developed a dose conversion algorithm to make both doses indicated on the detector and exposed to the human body proportional to each other, thus enabling a high-precision dose measurement. In order to prove its reliability in conducting personal dose measurement, crucial for protecting against radiation, the implemented electronic dosimeter was evaluated to successfully meet the IEC's criteria, as the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) conducted test on dose indication accuracy, and linearity, energy and angular dependences.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2002

저선량 $\gamma선 조사가 참박의 초기생육과 생리활성에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 참박 종자에 $\gamma선을 0-2O Gy 수준으로 조사하여 생육을 관찰하였다. 저선량 $\gamma선에 의한 참박의 초기생육은 대조구에 비해 4-16Gy에서 다소 증가하였고, 생육 조사시 측정한 자엽의 경우 catalase와 Peroxidase 활성이 대조구에 비해 8 Gy 조사구에서 가장 높았으며 본엽은 peroxidase활성이 4 Gy 조사구에서 확연히 증가하였다. 저선량 $\gamma선을 조사한 박 식물체의 광 스트레스에 대한 반응효과는 광계II의 광화학적 효율이 대조구와 8 Gy의 경우 50% 정도 감소되었으나 4 Gy에서는 40% 정도의 감소를 보였다. 반면 Fo는 광저해가 진행됨에 따라 약간의 증가를 보였으나 대조구나 저선량 조사구사이의 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 광계II의 광양자 수율, $\varphi_{PSII}$과 광계II 반응중심의 흥분 포획능, 1/Fo-l/Fm 또한 광저해가 진행되는 동안 감소하여 $\varphi_{PSII}$는 대조구와 8 Gy의 경우 20% 정도 감소를 보인 반면 4 Gy 조사구는 15%의 감소를 보였고, 1/Fo-lF/m은 대조구와 8 Gy는 55%, 4 Gy는 45%의 감소를 나타냈다. 비광화학적 소멸인 NPQ는 대조구와 저선량 조사구 모두 70% 정도 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 종자의 종피를 투과한 저선량의 $\gamma선이 참박의 생육을 촉진시키고 4 Gy에서 광 스트레스에 대한 저해가 감소되었다.