• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.235-256
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• 2016

The local governments have utilized overseas offices of businesses within their jurisdiction as a forward operating base to discover and expand the overseas market. In addition, overseas offices of businesses are expected to play a big role in economic, cultural, and personal exchange, and collection of information regarding overseas market trends. Recently, inviting foreign capital, promoting cities, and attracting foreign tourists are being done through them. Since foreign capital invitation has an effect on creating jobs, the population influx, increasing local government revenues, there is a high degree of competition for it among local governments. Also, while local governments have set out to actively attract foreign tourists through city promotion marketing and developing products in connection with their region, overseas offices of businesses are playing a major role in doing the job. However, due to low performance satisfaction against the budget invested, there have been criticisms that they need to improve efficiency. As a result, each local government is faced with a task to seek efficient operational plans since overseas offices of businesses in each local government are expected to play a bigger role in trade support and international exchanges.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 2018

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) has been developing the space optical and laser tracking (SOLT) system for space geodesy, space situational awareness, and Korean space missions. The SOLT system comprises satellite laser ranging (SLR), adaptive optics (AO), and debris laser tracking (DLT) systems, which share numerous subsystems, such as an optical telescope and tracking mount. It is designed to be capable of laser ranging up to geosynchronous Earth orbit satellites with a laser retro-reflector array, space objects imaging brighter than magnitude 10, and laser tracking low Earth orbit space debris of uncooperative targets. For the realization of multiple functions in a novel configuration, the SOLT system employs a switching mirror that is installed inside the telescope pedestal and feeds the beam path to each system. The SLR and AO systems have already been established at the Geochang station, whereas the DLT system is currently under development and the AO system is being prepared for testing. In this study, the design and development of the SOLT system are addressed and the SLR data quality is evaluated compared to the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) tracking stations in terms of single-shot ranging precision. The analysis results indicate that the SLR system has a good ranging performance, to a few millimeters precision. Therefore, it is expected that the SLR system will not only play an important role as a member of the ILRS tracking network, but also contribute to future Korean space missions.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.904-909
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• 2019

Using the ion-beam irradiated indium zinc oxide (IZO) films which was cured at $100^{\circ}C$, uniform LC and homogeneous alignment of liquid crystal (LC) molecules was achieved. The IZO film was deposited on the glass substrate at the curing temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ and irradiated by the ion-beam which is an LC alignment method. To verify the LC alignment characteristics, polarizing optical microscope and the crystal rotation method were used. Additionally, it was confirmed that the LC cell with the IZO films had an enough thermal budget for high-quality LC applications. Field emission scanning electron microscope was conducted as a surface analysis to evaluate the effect of the ion-beam irradiation on the IZO films. Through this, it was revealed that the ion-beam irradiation induced rough surface with anisotropic characteristics. Finally, electro-optical (EO) performances of the twisted-nematic cells with the IZO films were collected and it was confirmed that this cell had better EO performances than the conventional rubbed polyimide. Furthermore, the polar anchoring energy was measured and a suitable value for stable LC device operation was achieved.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.355-361
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• 2019

Background: Painters in the automotive sector are routinely exposed to volatile organic solvents, and the levels vary depending on the occupational health and safety controls enforced at the companies. This study investigates the levels of exposure to organic vapors and the existence of controls in the formal economy sector in southern Colombia. Methods: This is an exploratory study of an observational and descriptive character. An analysis of solvents is conducted via the personal sampling of painters and the analysis of samples using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1501 method. The amount of solvents analyzed varied according to the budget allocated by the companies. The person in charge of the occupational safety and health management system was interviewed to learn about the exposure controls implemented at the companies. Results: A medium exposure risk for toluene was found in one company. Another presented medium risk for carbon tetrachloride, xylene, ethylbenzene, and n-butanol. The others showed low risk of exposure and that the controls implemented were not sufficient or efficient. Conclusion: These results shed light on the working conditions of these tradespeople. The permissible limits established by Colombian regulations for the evaluated chemical contaminants were not exceeded. However, there were contaminants that exceeded the limits of action. The analysis of findings made it possible to propose improvements in occupational safety and health management systems to allow the optimization of working conditions for painters, prevent the occurrence of occupational diseases, and reduce costs to the country's health system.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.179-187
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• 2019

Developing countries, including Africa, are experiencing very little human resources development due to the deprivation of equal educational opportunities, poor educational conditions, and the gap in information technology with developed countries. Developing countries that do not have excellent human resources are lagging behind in globalization competition with developed countries, and the problem of 'human resource development' in developing countries can not be avoided. In developing countries, education budgets are too low to meet education needs and compulsory education, and therefore they are not adequately responding to the increasing demand for education. The lack of education budget is due to the lack of education infrastructure. In this study, the NAS based server is configured to configure functions such as educational content and learning management, and the client area is presented with solutions for various media such as tablet, PC, and beam projector. And to support optimized e-learning services in developing countries by constructing a SCORM-based platform.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the enactment of local municipalities' ordinance for supporting Korean Medicine infertility treatment in the metropolitan area. Methods : For Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi Province, data on the enactment of Korean Medicine infertility treatment and socio-demographic data of the local municipalities were collected through the Enhanced Local laws and regulations Information System and on-line statistical database. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the factors affecting the enactment of the ordinance, The enactment of the ordinance was dependent variable, and the budgeting of local municipalities, the number of population, the number of births, the number of Korean Medicine doctors, and the total fertility rate were used as independent variables. Results : Up to 2000, the ordinances for supporting Korean Medicine infertility treatment were enacted in 16 local municipalities and the budget for that was supported by 18 local municipalities. Regarding the effect on the enactment of the ordinances, it was found that budgeting of Korean Medicine infertility treatment had a positive (+) effect, and the metropolitan government's budgeting and the total fertility rate had a negative (-) effect. Conclusions : This study suggests that the ordinance for Korean Medicine infertility treatment is a policy tool derived based on the problem of low fertility faced by each local municipality rather than the political influence of health provider's groups.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to establish the role of master gardener coordinators and develop an education program to enhance their job competencies. To analyze and develop the new job of master gardener coordinator, we used the CBC method for curriculum development. The research findings can be summarized as follows. The analysis result of need and importance of education based on the performance level and demand level revealed 20 core competencies, which were classified into organizational education, learning by experience, individual learning, low-priority competencies for program development, with focus on the importance and need for education. The 17 courses are comprised of Eastern and Western Garden History, Understanding of Community Garden, Garden Aesthetics and Environmental Design, Master Gardener's Mission & Management, Garden Plants, and Garden Design and Practice etc. and the curriculum is 33 hours in total. The master gardener coordinator education program was conducted on 73 rural extension workers and the curriculum was evaluated by those who completed the program. The overall satisfaction was 4.29 and 97.1% of the trainees decided that the program would help them perform their duties. The analysis result discovered that all 20 core competencies increased after the program. As a result of conducting contingent valuation to determine the value of the program, willingness to pay (WTP) per hour was KRW 33,223 and the total WTP was KRW 1.096 million, which, when multiplied by 73 participants, is approximately KRW 80.008 million. This is relatively higher than the budget used (KRW 22.943 million), indicating that the program is worth it.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 2022

Climate action is at the top of the agenda in the international community, as demonstrated at the 2021 G7 Summit and the 2021 UN Climate Summit. Major developed countries are scrambling to make a transition to a green economy and create a new growth momentum. Following the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016, they focus on "carbon neutrality" as an effective means of tackling climate change. The Republic of Korea, a high-carbon economy, submitted its second Nationally Determined Contribution and announced carbon neutrality as a top policy priority. Accordingly, the country increases government budget in research and development (R&D) and science and technology (S&T) policies. Against this backdrop, this study analyzed policies on carbon-neutral S&T and R&D in major advanced countries. The analysis was made by identifying globally pending issues in carbon-neutral policies and climate technology. In addition, focus group interviews were conducted six times with 10 experts to come up with three R&D strategies and action plans for government-funded research institutes to achieve carbon neutrality. To be specific, the following measures were suggested. First, creative and innovative R&D programs are required to solve the problem of carbon emissions. Second, it is necessary to establish carbon neutrality policies and infrastructure which are sustainable to run and manage. Third, it is crucial to promote cooperation in climate technology based on excellence. In conclusion, the strategies proposed in this study are expected to provide directions and implications for policymakers, researchers, and scholars in science and technology to develop effective strategies to achieve national carbon neutrality.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.35-64
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• 2022

Currently, The budget expenditure for national R&D has been on the rise, and the quantitative performance in national R&D programs has been increasing accordingly. However, a growth of qualitative performance can not reach to an upward trend of quantitative performance. For a poor qualitative performance such as patent grades and technologies with low efficiency of technology transfer, the performance evaluation centered on "number of cases" is necessary to improve and start to introduce various "qualitative performance indicators". This paper focuses on "Triadic Patent Families" being measurable the overseas competitiveness of patent applied in major countries(the US, Europe and Japan). It analyzes the influencing factors to evaluate the quality of qualitative performance of R&D program. The result of this analysis shows a significant effect on the creating of triadic patent families within factors of R&D scale and project characteristics. This paper is significantly meaningful to expand insufficient triadic patent families to the target of interest rather than early study relatively, and to analyze the influencing factors of the creation of triadic patent families.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.241-253
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• 2022

The negative impact of climate change on the agricultural sector is rapidly increasing, and it is urgent to prepare policies at the government level to mitigate it. In the case of Rwanda's agricultural sector, which lacks the government's budget and farmers' capital, efficient and effective policy implementation is of paramount importance. To this end, rather than establishing related policies in the public sector from the top down, it is necessary to establish a bottom-up customized policy that is reflected in policy establishment by identifying the characteristics and behaviors of farmers who actually participate in adaptation activities. In this study, the effects of farmers' characteristics and farmers' perception status/adaptation status to climate change on the selection of adaptation methods for climate change were analyzed. 357 rice farmers randomly selected from Eastern Rwanda were surveyed to explore the information related to farmers' perception to climate change and adaptation methods as well as basic information of the farm. Research shows that the probability of selecting a variety of adaptation methods rather than not responding to climate change increases the younger the age, the higher the education level, and the easier access to climate information and credit. As a policy proposals, it is judged that public support such as strengthening agricultural technology support services, including more detailed guidance for elderly and low-educated farmers, and improving access to farm loan services by agricultural financial institutions is needed. In addition, it is necessary to adjust the planting time and cultivation method, provide timely information related to climate change, and provide crop variety improvement services to farmers.