• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.207-235
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• 2020

Acknowledging that individuals dislike having low relative income renders trade less attractive when seen as a technology that integrates two economies by merging separate social spheres into one. We define a "trembling trade" as a situation in which gains from trade are less than losses in relative income, with the result that global social welfare is reduced. We show that a "trembling trade" can arise even when trade is more gainful in four ways: through trade the absolute income of everyone increases, the income gap in both economies is reduced, as is the income gap between the trading economies. However, trade brings populations, economies, or markets that were not previously connected closer together in social space. As a consequence, separate social spheres merge, and people's social space and their comparators are altered. Assuming that people like high (absolute) income and dislike low relative income, the aggregate increase in unhappiness caused by the trade-induced escalation in relative deprivation can result in a negative overall impact of trade on (utilitarian-measured) social welfare, if the absolute income gains are not large enough to mitigate the relative income losses.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.149-169
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the environmental characteristics of adolescents in low-income families, identify the high-risk & protective factors among environmental contexts surrounding adolescents, and investigate the relative importance of high-risk & protective factors to adolescents'psychological and behavioral adjustment separately. The present study was the primary research of developing prevention program for adolescents'deviant behaviors in low-income families. Subjects of this study consisted of 176 adolescents drawn from 8 social-welfare institutions in Chungbuk province. The pilot study was done to examine the applicability of survey instrument. Data were analyzed by the frequency, percentage, Pearson correlation, stepwise regression using SPSS/WIN program. The results were as followings: 1. There was statistically correlated with each other in environmental high-risk and protective factors except an housing environment. The results implies that environmental contexts itself surrounding adolescents in low-income families can be either high-risk factors or protective factors. 2. The adolescents in low-income families perceived that stresses from consumer and school environments were high-risk factors among other environmental contexts. 3. The adolescents in low-income families perceived that resources from friend and school were protective factors among other environmental contexts. 4. The stresses from friend and eating behaviors were significant factors predicting adolescents'relative psychological adjustment. However, the behavioral adjustment was not predicted by environmental contexts. 5. The resources from school, consumer, and eating behaviors were significant factors predicting adolescents'relative psychological adjustment. Also, the resources from school, eating behavior, and family were predictors of behavioral adjustment. This research implies that the findings can be based on the development of prevention program for adolescents deviant behaviors in low-income families.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

The housing policy of Korea has been pushed with a focus on the middle-class. This contributed to alleviate the absolute lack problem of housing, but this program for the housing policy of low-income brackets is also true as insufficient attention. Thanks to Bulk supply-oriented housing policy, the rising penetration of housing and living conditions are improving as a whole, but low-income housing problem has been exacerbated by a relative. National and local government will solve the residential housing problem of low-income brackets by expanding welfare programs, but the quality of existing housing issues and the alternative policy are regarded as insufficient. Homeless households in Korea are still nearly 400 million, Housing costs higher than income weighted for buying a home and rent payments of low-income brackets. In this study, I investigated the concept of low-income housing welfare and housing policy changes. This paper is aimed to present the basic data through the investigation and analysis residential status of low-income brackets.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2022

Objectives: This study examined the effect of out-of-pocket (OOP) payment reduction on the potential utilization of low-value magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) across income groups. Methods: We conducted an experimental vignette survey using a proportional quota-based sample of individuals in Korea (n=1229). In two hypothetical vignettes, participants were asked whether they would be willing to use MRI if they had uncomplicated headache and non-specific low back pain, each before and after OOP payment reduction. To account for the possible role of physician inducement, half of the participants were initially presented with vignettes that included a physician recommendation for low-value care. The predicted probability, slope index of inequality (SII), and relative index of inequality (RII) were calculated using logistic regression. Results: Before OOP payment reduction, the lowest income quintile was least likely to use low-value MRI regardless of physician inducement (36.7-49.6% for low back pain; 30.5-39.3% for headache). After OOP payment reduction, almost all individuals in each income quintile were willing to use low-value MRI (89.8-98.0% for low back pain; 78.1-90.3% for headache). Absolute and relative inequalities concerning potential low-value MRI utilization decreased after OOP payments were reduced, even without physician inducement (SII: from 8.15 to 5.37%, RII: from 1.20 to 1.06 for low back pain; SII: from 6.99 to 0.83%, RII: from 1.20 to 1.01 for headache). Conclusions: OOP payment reduction for MRI has the potential to increase low-value care utilization among all income groups while decreasing inequality in low-value care utilization.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.479-490
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• 2012

This research focuses on the self-concept in children of low-income families. A questionnaire was given to elementary school-aged children(grades 3-6). 454 children from low-income families were surveyed. The major findings were as follows: first, the variables that affected the self-concept among the low-income families children were relatively different. For boys, the major influential individual variables were in the following order: grade, stress, and the father's affective attitude. For girls, the major influential individual variables were in the following order: stress, support from friend, father's affective attitude, and grade. Second, through this comparison, this study examined the relative influence of variables that affected children's self-concept. This study proposes interventions to improve their self-concept mechanisms.

• 국토계획
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.101-116
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• 2018

Paying an attention to the issue of energy poverty of low-income households and ensuing regressivity of energy consumption, this study empirically analyzes the effects of both household and housing characteristics on heating energy consumption in an integrated way and identifies their causal structure based on the 2016 Korea Housing Survey data provided by the Korean government. Multiple regression analysis shows that household income and deteriorated level of housing, such as age and degree of cracks have positive effects and floor area of housing has a negative effect on the heating energy consumption per unit area of housing (HECPUH). Path analyses further reveal that the direct effect of household income on HECPUH is offset by the indirect effects that are mediated by deteriorated level and floor area of housing, making the total effect statistically insignificant. As a result, there is no significant difference in HECPUH across all income strata, implying that low-income (high-income) households pay more (less) heating costs relative to their income level, since they reside in the houses with relatively low (high) energy efficiency. To deal with this regressive causal structure of energy consumption, a policy option is recommended to improve energy efficiency of low-income housing through the government assistance in its maintenance and repair.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.1-35
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• 2019

본 논문은 간단한 일반균형 모형을 통해 소득 이전과 임금 보조금 정책의 경제 효과를 비교한다. 지원 대상인 저임금 근로자가 수요의 소득탄력성이 높은 재화 및 서비스 생산에 집약되어 있을수록 조세를 통한 재분배 효과는 제한적으로 나타난다. 한편, 지원 방식에 있어서 근로장려세제와 같은 임금보조금(wage subsidy) 정책은 단순한 소득 이전(income transfer)에 비해 고용과 GDP 증가라는 긍정적 효과를 동반할 수 있지만, 그 재분배 효과는 노동공급뿐 아니라 노동수요의 탄력성에 크게 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 효율성과 형평성의 최적 조합을 위해서는, 각 정책의 효과에 대해 면밀한 실증분석이 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.186-194
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• 2008

Objectives : This study describes trends in the socioeconomic disparities in breast cancer screening among US women aged 40 or over, from 2000 to 2005. We assessed 1) the disparities in each socioeconomic dimension; 2) the changes in screening mammography rates over time according to income, education, and race; and 3) the sizes and trends of the disparities over time. Methods : Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 2000 to 2005, we calculated the age-adjusted screening rate according to relative household income, education level, health insurance, and race. Odds ratios and the relative inequality index (RII) were also calculated, controlling for age. Results : Women in their 40s and those with lower relative incomes were less likely to undergo screening mammography. The disparity based on relative income was greater than that based on education or race (the RII among low-income women across the survey years was 3.00 to 3.48). The overall participation rate and absolute differences among socioeconomic groups changed little or decreased slightly across the survey years. However, the degree of each socioeconomic disparity and the relative inequality among socioeconomic positions remained quite consistent. Conclusions : These findings suggest that the trend of the disparity in breast cancer screening varied by socioeconomic dimension. Continued differences in breast cancer screening rates related to income level should be considered in future efforts to decrease the disparities in breast cancer among socioeconomic groups. More focused interventions, as well as the monitoring of trends in cancer screening participation by income and education, are needed in different social settings.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of social networks to health status among the urban low income elderly. Method: Using a sample of 598 elderly aged 65 years and higher, social networks, health status were measured by the Social Networks Scale (LSNS), Perceived Health Status, GDSSF-K, K-ADL respectively. The t-test, ANOVA and Tukey-test and Pearson's correlation analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0. Results: 41% of subjects didn't contact with relatives at least once a month. 56% of subjects saw or heard less than monthly from relative with whom they have the most contact. 47% didn't have relatives who one can rely on private matters. Social networks among the low income elderly significantly differed by marital status, health insurance type, economic status, regular exercise, living with family. Social networks were significantly correlated with perceived health status (r=.201), cognitive function (r=-.154) and depressive symptoms (r=-.301). Conclusion: Poor social networks were found in urban low income elderly. Poorer social networks were related to worse health status and more depressive symptoms. Interventions targeting at increasing social networks are urgently needed for low income elderly.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.107-134
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• 2004

근래에 우리나라에는 이공계 기피현상이 사회적 이슈로 떠오르고 있는데, 본 연구는 4년제 대학의 과학기술계열 전공 이수자들의 경제적 지위 및 그의 근래의 변화를 여타 전공 이수자와 비교 분석하여 그 같은 '기피' 현상의 경제적 근원을 추론하고자 하였다. 1998년에서 2002년까지의 KLIPS 자료의 분석 결과, 과학기술 인력의 고용상의 지위는 큰 변화가 없었으며 부분적으로 상승을 한 것으로 나타났다. 소득 측면에서는 이공계 출신은 임금프리미엄을 거의 받지 못하고 있으며 특히 자영소득이 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 평생소득도 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 시간상으로는 상대소득에 있어서의 추세적인 변화는 발견되지 않았다. 다만 최상위 5% 소득계층에 있어서 이공계 출신의 상대소득이 하락해 온 것이 확인되었다. 이같은 결과는 소득 효과로 인한 이공계 직종에 대한 보상적 격차 요구수준의 증대와 이공계 출신자(특히 능력 분포상 최상위 계층)에 대한 낮은 상대소득이 이공계 기피현상의 근본 원인임을 제시한다.