• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2015

In the last 10 years, porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate transgenic pig has been performed tremendous development with introduction and knockout of many genes. However, efficiency of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer is still low and embryo transfer (ET) is one of important step for production efficiency. In porcine ET for production of transgenic cloned pig, we can consider many of points to increase production rates. In respect of seasonality and weather, porcine ET usually is not performed in summer and winter. Cloned transgenic embryos must be transferred into reproductive tracts of recipients where embryos are located after natural fertilization with similar estrous cycle. If cloned embryos with 2~4 cell stage are transferred, they must be transferred into oviducts in periovulatory stage. Number and deposition sites of transferred cloned embryos are important. And we must compare the methods of ET between surgical and non-surgical ones in respect of production efficiency. Sow recipients after natural estrus is most preferred recipients however its cost is must be considered. Here we will review many of current studies about porcine embryo transfer to increase production efficiency of transgenic pigs and strategies for further studies.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1995

The fertilities of indigenous and cultivated mulberry species(varieties) which were polli nated with Morus nigra L. brought from Turkey were investigated. The percentage of ripening sorosis was very high in indigenous species, Morus tiliaefolia Makino and cultivated variety, Keomseolppong and it was around 50% in both Daeryukppong and Cheongilppong However, the flowers of Morus bombycis Koidz. (BOM5-8) and Yongcheonppong fell after pollination. Looking at the sizes of seeds, they are also various. Generally, it was extremely small in Morus tiliaefolia, but it was medium in Keomseolppong, Cheongilppong and Daeryukppong. The fertilization percentage was generally low with 32-42% in the varieties, but it was comparatively high in Keomseolppong and Morus tiliaefolia. The seed germination percentages of Daeryukppong and Morus tiliaefolia are 88.0% and 23.6%, respectively, but it was below 2% in Cheongilppong and Keomseolppong. The cross success percentages are 14.2% and 8.0% in Daeryukppong and Morus tiliaefolia, respectively, but it was below 0.3% in Cheongilppong and Keomseolppong.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2011

MGT fuelled by landfill gas was tested to asses feasibility of its exhaust gas application for $CO_2$ enrichment. The exhaust gas was analyzed during start-up and normal operation with different MGT load conditions. Due to the changes of air/fuel ratio and combustion mode, $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and NOx concentration were varied within wide ranges during the MGT start-up. Especially, NOx emissioin level was increased up to 20.01 ppmv. Different tendencies of $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and NOx concentrations were observed with MGT output changes. $O_2$ and CO concentrations were shown to be decreased and NOx and $CO_2$ concentrations were shown to have opposite trends. NOx emission level (0.8~1.88 ppmv) was very low compared to other types of combustion based power generation equipment. Unburned hydrocarbon emission level was substantially decreased with MGT load increase. Especially, $C_2H_4$ concentration was below the detection limit(0.2 ppmv) around the nominal load condition. The exhaust gas from landfill gas fuelled MGT system was shown to be feasible for $CO_2$ fertilization. Concentrations of major components were within or below the maximum allowable ranges.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.127-136
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• 1984

The specification of dorsal/ventral axis in the egg of Xenopus laevis was investigated as a series of oblique orientation to gravity by tilt and clinostat. The results are as follows. (1) If the eggs were oriented, in the early period after fertilization, to novel gravity by $15^\\circ, 30^\\circ, 45^\\circ$ and $60^\\circ$ tilt until gastrula stage, the site of involution was usually formed in the OpG side (the side opposing gravity). As the degree of tilt was raised from $15^\\circ to 60^\\circ$, the rate of relocation of the involution site was proportionally increased. (2) When UV-irradiated eggs were tilted period to first cleavage by $15^\\circ, 30^\\circ, 45^\\circ$ and $6\^\\circ$, the effect of UV syndrome was rescued, and the extent of rescue was propotional to the tilt degree. (3) The fertile eggs were loaded on the clinostats of several speeds. In the range of low speeds between $0.45 \\sim 9.0$ rph, the location of dorsal lip was dependent on the direction of rotation, and in $40 \\sim 360$ rph, lip was formed at a random position. In addition, some of the tadpoles experienced with clinostat showed the typical syndrome of "dorsal axis reduction". The above results were discussed regarding the mechanism of the establishment of dorsal/ventral palarity. palarity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.325-337
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the soil environment of urban neighborhood parks and to use them as basic data for evaluating the ecological functions of urban parks such as groundwater regeneration, flood control, microclimate regulation, adsorption and purification. The landscape design criteria were generally evaluated as advanced, and further monitoring and studies are needed to evaluate the various ecological functions. It is also necessary to improve the phosphoric acid and nitrogen contents, which tended to be low. In addition, continuous monitoring is needed to assess the proper soil environment according to the biological species, and to evaluate the ecological functions. The results of this study can be used to evaluate the groundwater recharge of urban parks. In particular, when the land of the neighboring park is used for various purposes, the level of access of the user may be increased. Therefore, factors that may adversely affect the user's health, such as heavy metals and organic matters, should be selected and selected as management criteria. In addition, follow-up studies considering fertilization standards suitable for trees and growth of introduced vegetation, etc. are needed urgently to improve the soil environment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.347-360
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• 2017

Objectives: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate congenital malformations in infants conceived by assisted reproductive techniques (ART), compared with infants conceived spontaneously. Methods: In this study, available resources searched to find relevant articles included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane, ProQuest, Iranmedex, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database. After extracting the necessary information from evaluated articles, meta-analysis on the articles' data was performed using Stata version 11.2. Results: In this study, from a total of 339 articles, extracted from the initial investigation, ultimately 30 articles were selected for meta-analysis that assessed the use of ART on the risk of congenital abnormalities and some birth complications on 5 470 181 infants (315 402 cases and 5 154 779 controls). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for low birth weight was 1.89 (95% CI, 1.36 to 2.62), preterm labor 1.79 (95% CI, 1.21 to 2.63), cardiac abnormalities 1.43 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.62), central nervous system abnormalities 1.36 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.70), urogenital system abnormalities 1.58 (95% CI, 1.28 to 1.94), musculoskeletal disorders 1.35 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.64), and chromosomal abnormalities in infants conceived by ART was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.44), which were all statistically significant, except chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusions: The risk of congenital abnormalities and some birth complications were significantly higher in ART than normal conception, while chromosomal abnormalities were not; therefore, the application of ART should be selected individually for patients by detailed assessment to reduce such risks in the population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.16-22
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• 2006

This study was carried out to estimate the physical and chemical soil characteristics in highway cutting slope areas. The soil was sampled in cutting area and natural vegetation area that was located in the upper areas of the highway cutting slope. The average total soil depth, bulk density, and soil hardness were bad in the highway cutting slope sites. The sandy loam was the most soil texture in the study area. The concentration of soil organic matter and nitrogen were very low in all highway cutting areas. The concentration of exchangeable cations was similar between the highway cutting slope and the natural vegetation sites in each highway. The soil pH was higher in highway cutting slope areas than in natural vegetation sites. In conclusion, chemical and physical properties of soil were bad in the cutting slope than in the natural vegetation area because of the loss of soil by cutting of slope area and less organic matter input by less vegetation in the highway cutting slope area. We should employ possible method to reduce the loss of soil, and compost and fertilization treatment could help to increase soil nutrient content in the cutting slope area.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.26-26
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• 2003

Hyaluronic acid (HA)-binding sites have been shown the diagnostic potential fur assessment of sperm maturity, which is related to male fertility. This study was designed to evaluate chromosomal patterns in porcine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with non- or HA-binding sperm (HABS). For binding of sperm with HA, sperm incubated in 10 ${mu}ell$ drop containing HA (0.8 mg/ml)-agarose (0.8%) mixture for 15 min. IVF and ICSI with non- or HA-bound sperm examined with matured oocytes at 44 hr after in vitro maturation. Embryos were cultured in 50 ${mu}ell$ of NCSU 23 containing 0.5% BSA for 5 days and then in 50 ${mu}ell$ of NCSU 23 containing 10% FBS for 2 days. For the evaluation of chromosomal aneuploidies, chromosome 1 sub-metacentric specific probe was used in sperm and embryos by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The frequency of aneuploidy sperm for chromosome 1 was 6.25%. The significant differences following IVF and ICSI with non- or HA-bound sperm were not observed in blastocyst formation rates (18.6, 23.5, and 23.8%) and cell number (61.8 $\pm$ 12.5, 55.5 $\pm$ 7.3, and 59.3 $\pm$ 9.6). Moreover, the percentage of diploidy in 4-cell stage embryos was 57.1% (IVF), 68.8% (ICSI), and 76.3% (ICSI-HABS). These results suggest that HA-binding sites may be a material for selection of normal sperm for ICSI. Therefore HA selection of normal sperm may be reduce the loss to embryonic mortality prior to embryo transfer in pig.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.119-141
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• 2020

The Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) is an important species because of its ability to produce good quality meat, milk, and fibers under harsh environmental conditions. Camels are also crucial for transportation, racing, and as draft animals in agriculture. Therefore, dromedary camels play a critical role in the economy for millions of people living in the arid part of the world. The inherent capability of camels to produce meat and milk is highly correlated with their reproductive performance. Compared with other domestic species, the reproductive efficiency in camelids is low. Although recent reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been successfully applied to camelids and the birth of live offspring following these technologies has been reported; in vitro embryo production (IVP) has lagged in this species. The development of the IVP system for dromedary camels may be a useful tool for the genetic improvement of this species. IVP in farm animals includes three main steps; in vitro maturation (IVM) of an oocyte, IVF of a matured oocyte, and in vitro culture (IVC) of fertilized oocyte up to the blastocyst stage. This review aims to summarize various factors that influence oocyte quality, IVM, and in vitro embryo development in dromedary camel.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2008

Production of transgenic animals for studying specific gene has been limited due to a low efficiency, lack of skilled researchers and the need for expensive equipment. Currently, the boar spermatozoa as a vector to deliver exogenous DNA into the oocyte were used to improve the efficiency of transfection rate. In this study, we revealed that the optimal conditions for DNA uptake in spermatozoa by liposome were to 90 min of incubation, $17^{\circ}C$, $10^5$ spermatozoa, 4 ng/ml of exogenous DNA and 0.5% (v/v) liposome, without damage to fertility. In addition, the developmental rate to the blastocyst stage of embryo in control group was significantly higher than those embryos with exogenous DNA and liposome, whereas there were no significant differences in embryo development between the liposome and type of DNA. The transfection rates of embryo using treated spermatozoa with both liposome and circular DNA were higher than those using linear DNA. These findings raise the possibility thattreated spermatozoa with liposome/DNA complexes could be used in in vitro fertilization, and the exogenous DNA transferred into the oocytes. Taken together, we demonstrated that liposome a vector for the uptake of exogenous DNA in boar spermatozoa could improve the efficiency of sperm-mediated gene transfer in creating transgenic pig and the other domestic transgenic animals.