• 공업화학
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2022

흑연은 낮은 탈/리튬화 전압, 372 mAh/g의 높은 이론 용량, 낮은 가격 및 긴 수명 특성을 가져 지난 30년 동안 리튬이 온전지 음극 재료로 활용되었다. 최근 무기 고체 재료로 구성되어 높은 안정성을 가지는 전고체 리튬이온전지는 전기자동차 및 차세대 에너지 저장 장치로 엄청난 주목을 받고 있지만, 전고체 리튬이온전지 시스템에 잘 구동되는 흑연 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 그래서 우리는 탄소재료 표면에 존재하여 저항층으로 작용하는 비정질 탄소를 흑연으로부터 제거하여 흑연의 전기전도도 향상을 통해 황화물계 전고체 전지 음극 흑연 재료의 성능 향상을 유도했다. 400, 500 및 600 ℃ 공기 열처리된 흑연의 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 분석 결과, (002) 피크 반치폭(FWHM)이 bare 흑연보다 줄어들어 열처리 후 흑연의 결정성이 향상됨을 보였다. 또한 열처리 후 흑연의 결정성이 증가할수록 방전 용량, 초기 쿨롱효율(ICE) 및 수명 특성이 증가함을 확인했다. 500 ℃ 공기 열처리 한 흑연의 경우 331.1 mAh/g 및 ICE 86.2%와 10사이클 수명 측정 후 92.7%의 높은 용량 유지율을 나타내었다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2012

우리나라를 비롯한 선진국 국가의 대부분은 기존의 탄소 자동차 대용으로 전기 자동차, 메탄올 자동차, 수소 자동차 등 저탄소 자동차 개발에 막대한 투자를 계속하고 있다. 그러나, 궁극적이고 현실적인 무공해 교통수단은 자전거가 유일하기 때문에 각국의 중앙 정부 및 지방 정부들은 자전거 전용 도로를 개설하고 공공 임대 서비스 시스템 구축을 서두르고 있다. 현재 운영되고 있는 거의 모든 자전거 관제 시스템들은 자전거 보관소에서의 대여 및 반납과정의 자동화를 이루고 있으나, 보관소를 떠난 자전거의 이동 경로 및 소재를 모니터링하지는 않는다. 이 연구에서는 자전거 공공 임대 서비스를 위해 CDMA 모뎀과 결합된 GPS 단말기 및 이를 사용하는 위치기반 자전거 관제 시스템을 개발한다. 이 관제 시스템은 이동통신을 통하여 자전거에 부착된 GPS 관제 단말기로부터 위치 정보를 수신하고, 그 이동 경로를 GIS 연동 맵에 표시함으로써 자전거의 회수 및 재분배를 용이하게 하고, 도난 및 고의 파손을 최소화 시키며, 이용자들에게는 가까운 곳에 위치한 자전거 보관소를 추천해 줄 수 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.481-486
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• 2004

Vehicle occupant exposure to air pollutants has been a subject of concern in recent years because of higher levels of air pollutants inside gasoline or diesel-using vehicle, comparing to the surrounding atmosphere. Contrary to previous studies, fuel of vehicles operated in this study was liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). This study examined the potential exposure and removal efficiency of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) and respirable suspended particle (RSP) by commercial air cleaning device inside vehicle under different ventilation conditions. Vehicle concentrations inside of benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene, $NO_2$ and RSP were lower under the low ventilation condition. This was indicated that outdoor air pollutants could affect the vehicle air quality inside in case metropolitan cities such as Daegu. The urban vehicle concentrations inside of benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene, $NO_2$ and RSP with air cleaning device were higher than those without air cleaning device. This means that the use of air cleaning device equipped with activated carbon filter, which was used in this study, in the interior of vehicles could be expected to reduce the vehicle occupants exposure to air pollutants effectively. In batch type reactor of laboratory scale, removal efficiencies of air cleaning device used were $97.0\%,\;95.7\%,\;94.6\%\;and\;85.5\%$ respectively in benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene and $NO_2$.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.90-100
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• 2015

Green technologies such as renewable energy resources, Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EVs/PHEVs), electric locomotives, etc. are continually increasing at the existing power network especially distribution levels, which are Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV). It can be noted that the increasing level of green technologies is driven by the reduction emission policies of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). The green technologies can affect the quality of power, and hence its impacts of are analysed. In practical, the environment such as wind, solar irradiation, temperature etc. are uncontrollable, and therefore the output power of renewable energy in that area can be varied. Moreover, the technology of the EVs/PHEVs is still developed in order to improve the performance of supply and driving systems. This means that these developed can cause harmonic distortion as the control system is mostly used power electronics. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse the voltage variation and harmonic distortion in distribution power network in urban area in Europe due to the combination between wind turbine, hydro turbine, photovoltaic (PV) system and EVs/PHEVs. More realistic penetration levels of SSDGs and EVs/PHEVs as forecasted for 2020 is used to analyse. The dynamic load demands are also taken into account. In order to ensure the accurate of simulation results, the practical parameters of distribution system are used and the international standards such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards are also complied. The suggestion solutions are also presented. The MATLAB/Simulink software is chosen as it can support complicate modelling and analysis.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2009년도 제40회 하계학술대회
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• pp.1161_1162
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• 2009

The recent environmental protection trend requires more strict energy saving, therefore every transportation system should reduce energy consumption to the minimum value. High-efficiency operation system, energy saving and $CO_2$ emissions shall be addressed as important issue in railway system. These issues are the most essential factors of railway, compared to major public transportation system. Recently, saving energy in the electric railway system has been studied. For such new energy saving, the energy storage system is considered for saving energy. Energy saving is possible by efficient use of regenerated energy. Regenerated energy is recycled amongst vehicles by mean of charge and discharge corresponding to powering and braking of electric vehicle operations. This energy saving contributes to cut $CO_2$ to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling regenerated energy demonstrate significant effect on peak cut of consumption energy in railway substation. Absorption of excess energy avoids regeneration failure due to high traction voltage. Therefore, the energy storage system is needed to be adopted to use regeneration energy when the vehicle is braking.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is regarded as an alternative fuel for spark ignition engine due to similar or even higher octane number. In addition, LPG has better fuel characteristics including high vaporization characteristic and low carbon/hydrogen ratio leading to a reduction in carbon dioxide emission. Recently, development of LPG direct injection system started to improve performance of vehicles fuelled with LPG. However, spray characteristics of LPG were not well understood, which is should be known to develop injector for LPG direct injection engines. In this study, effects of operation condition including ambient pressure, temperature, and injection pressure on spray properties of n-butane were evaluated and compared to gasoline in a multi-hole injector. As general characteristics of both fuels, spray penetration becomes smaller with an increase of ambient pressure as well as a reduction in the injection pressure. However, it is found that evaporation of n-butane was faster compared to gasoline under all experimental condition. As a result, spray penetration of n-butane was shorter than that of gasoline. This result was due to higher vapor pressure and lower boiling point of n-butane. On the other hand, spray angle of both fuels do not vary much except under high ambient temperature conditions. Furthermore, spray shape of n-butane spray becomes completely different from that of gasoline at high ambient temperature conditions due to flash boiling of n-butane.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.92-101
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• 2023

기후변화 문제를 해결하기 위해 탄소중립은 이제 선택이 아닌 필수가 되었다. 수소는 재생에너지의 간헐적 생산을 보완할 수 있는 저장 매체일 뿐만 아니라 반응 후 이산화탄소 배출이 없어 활용 분야에서도 좋은 대안으로 여겨지고 있다. 수소 활용 분야 중 하나인 수소자동차의 활성화를 위해서는 수소충전소 인프라 구축이 선행되어야 한다. 수소충전소의 효율적인 운영과 위험성평가를 위해서는 위험요인에 대한 우선순위 선정이 필요하지만, 국내 수소충전소 운영 기간이 짧아 사고에 따른 빈도 데이터가 부족하고 그 신뢰도가 낮다. 본 연구에서는 HAZOP을 통하여 수소충전소에서 발생 가능한 이탈의 원인과 결과를 도출하고 Fuzzy-AHP를 활용하여 분석하려고 한다. 이를 통하여 수소충전소에서 발생 가능한 이탈 원인의 의사결정값을 도출하고 수소 사고사례와 위험성평가에 적용하여 데이터의 신뢰성과 효용성을 확인하고자 한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2010

Increase in greenhouse gas emissions during the last century has led to remarkable changes in our environment and climate system. Many policy measures have been developed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions across the world, many of which require our lifestyle changes from energy-intensive to energy-saving. One of the changes in our living patterns is to consider food miles. A food mile is the distance food travels from where it is produced to where it is consumed. Providing information of food miles will help people choose low mileage food, helping promote a "green consumption" action and lead to a low carbon society with emission reduction systems. In this study, 10 items are selected from 23 Harmonized commodity description and 2-digit coding system (HS) to estimate their food miles, and $CO_2$ emissions released in the transportation of imported food. For the estimation, four countries are chosen-Korea, Japan, United Kingdom (UK) and France, with Korea and Japan's 2001, 2003, and 2007 trade statistics and UK and France's 2003 and 2007 trade statistics used. As a result, Korea showed in 2007 the highest level of food miles and $CO_2$ emissions per capita among 4 countries. That suggests that Korea should make an effort to purchase local food to reduce food miles and use low-carbon vehicles for food transport, contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2011

To explore the sources of carbonaceous material in the airborne particulate matter (PM), comprehensive PM sampling was performed (3 to 14 January 2010) at a traffic hot spot site (HS), Farm Gate, Dhaka using several samplers: AirMetrics MiniVol (for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) and MOUDI (for size fractionated submicron PM). Long-term PM data (April 2000 to March 2006 and April 2000 to March 2010 in two size fractions ($PM_{2.2}$ and $PM_{2.2-10}$) obtained from two air quality-monitoring stations, one at Farm Gate (HS) and another at a semi-residential (SR) area (Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka Campus, (AECD)), respectively were also analyzed. The long-term PM trend shows that fine particulate matter concentrations have decreased over time as a result of government policy interventions even with increasing vehicles on the road. The ratio of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ showed that the average $PM_{2.5}$ mass was about 78% of the $PM_{10}$ mass. It was also found that about 63% of $PM_{2.5}$ mass is $PM_1$. The total contribution of BC to $PM_{2.5}$ is about 16% and showed a decreasing trend over the years. It was observed that $PM_1$ fractions contained the major amount of carbonaceous materials, which mainly originated from high temperature combustion process in the $PM_{2.5}$. From the IMPROVE TOR protocol carbon fraction analysis, it was observed that emissions from gasoline vehicles contributed to $PM_1$ given the high abundance of EC1 and OC2 and the contribution of diesel to $PM_1$ is minimal as indicated by the low abundance of OC1 and EC2. Source apportionment results also show that vehicular exhaust is the largest contributors to PM in Dhaka. There is also transported $PM_{2.2}$from regional sources. With the increasing economic activities and recent GDP growth, the number of vehicles and brick kilns has significantly increased in and around Dhaka. Further action will be required to further reduce PM-related air pollution in Dhaka.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1227-1233
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• 2011

Cellulose Electro-Active Paper (EAPap) has been known as a new smart material that is attractive for a bio-mimetic actuator due to its merits in terms of lightweight, dry condition, large displacement output, low actuation voltage and low power consumption. Cellulose EAPap is made by regenerating cellulose and aligning its micro-fibrils. This paper introduces several EAPap materials, which are based on natural cellulose and its hybrid nanocomposites mixed/blended with inorganic functional materials. By chemically bonding and mixing with carbon nanotubes and inorganic nanoparticles, the cellulose EAPap can be a hybrid nanocomposite that has versatile properties and can meet material requirements for many applications. Recent research trend of the cellulose EAPap is introduced in terms of material preparations as well as application devices including actuators, temperature and humidity sensors, biosensors, chemical sensors, and so on. This paper also explains wirelessly driving technology for the cellulose EAPap, which is attractive for bio-mimetic robotics, surveillance and micro-aerial vehicles.