• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.213-217
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• 1988

To investigate the optimal conditions for the storage of fresh garlic bulbs, garlic was stored at the different temperature, relative humidity and moisture content. From the standpoint of weight loss and sprouting ratio of garlic bulbs, the optimal temperature for storage was $-4^{\circ}C$. No significant changes in quality of garlic bulbs occurred even after 10 months of storage, when preserving the completely predried sample at $-4^{\circ}C$. However, freezing injury was observed in sample with incomplete drying or without predrying. From these results, The optimal condition for long term storage of fresh garlic was concluded to preserve at $-4^{\circ}C$ after complete predrying.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.150-154
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• 2008

This study was investigated that quality inspection of distributed Scutellariae Radix in Korea. To evaluate the quality of these herbal medicines, we carried out TLC pattern, foreign matter in purity, loss on drying, ash, acid-insoluble ash, oil content, dilute ethanol-soluble, water-soluble, ether-soluble extracts contents, quantitative analyses, residual $SO_2$, individual heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides. To measure contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin, we were quantitative analyzed using HPLC. The average contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin were detected by 13.28 (${\pm}$0.43)%, 1.17 (${\pm}$0.04)% and 0.40 (${\pm}$0.02)%, respectively. Each average contents As, Cd, Hg and Pb was 0.059 (${\pm}$0.054) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, 0.019 (${\pm}$0.010) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, 0.017 (${\pm}$0.057) ppm and 0.242 (${\pm}$0.084) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.259-268
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• 2004

Keeping qualities of crude proteases (CP) and fractionated proteases (FP) sedimenting with $30\~80{\%}$ ammonium sulfate from four kinds of fish viscera as a seafood processing waste were examined. Azocaseinolytic activlties (pH 6 and 8) of CP from anchovy (Engraulis japonica), mackerel (Scomber japonicus), bastard flatfish (Pararlichthys olivaceus) and red sea bream (Chysorphys major) were stable without activity loss at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 months. Activities of NaCP (CP containing $30{\%}$ sodium chloride) on azocasein were approximately $30{\%}$ lower than those of CP. FP activities Increased 3.4-16.1 folds compared to those of CP and NaCP Powdered crude protease (PCP) and fractionated and powdered protease (FPP) containing various sugars (lactose, sucrose, glucose and dextrin) were prepared by freeze drying. Activities of PCP and FPP containing sucrose were higher and more stable than those of PCP and FPP containing other sugars at $30^{\circ}C$ for whole keeping periods. PCP and FPP from mackerel viscera showed the highest proteolytic activity among four kind of fish vlsceras. The Optimum conditions and stabilities of FPP from mackerel viscera were pH 9 and $50^{\circ}C$, and pH 5-10 and $20-45^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results of this study suggest that FPP from seafood processing waste may be used as processing aids.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.670-679
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• 2002

1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) is one of the effective chemotherapeutic agents which has been used clinically for treating malignant glioma. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, molecular weight: 20000 g/mole. mole ratio of lactide to glycolide 75 : 15) is a well known biodegradable polymer used as a drug carrier for drug delivery system. In this study, we investigated the BCNU release behaviour of BCNU-loaded PLGA wafers containing poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) or polyethyleneoxide (PEO) and the effect of hydrophilic polymers incoporated in the wafers. BCNU-loaded PLGA microparticles with or without hydrophilic polymers were prepared by a spray drying method and fabricated into wafers by direct compression. Encapsulation efficiency of BCNU-loaded PLGA microparticles containing PVP and PEO was 85 ∼ 97% and crystallinity of BCNU encapsulated in PLGA decreased significantly initial release amount and release rate of BCNU increased with the increasing PVP or PEO amount. Morphological change and mass loss of wafers during the release test were confirmed that hydration and degradation of PLGA would be facilitated with an increase of hydrophilic polymers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

As a result of intensive breeding, litter size has considerably increased in pig production over the last three decades. This has resulted in an increase in farrowing complications. Prolonged farrowing will shorten the window for suckling colostrum and reduce the chances for high-quality colostrum intake. Studies also agree that increasing litter sizes concomitantly resulted in decreased piglet birth weight and increased within-litter birth weight variations. Birth weight, however, is one of the critical factors affecting the prognosis of colostrum intake, and piglet growth, welfare, and survival. Litters of uneven birth weight distribution will suffer and lead to increased piglet mortality before weaning. The proper management is key to handle the situation. Feeding strategies before farrowing, management routines during parturition (e.g., drying and moving piglets to the udder and cross-fostering) and feeding an energy source to piglets after birth may be beneficial management tools with large litters. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-driven recovery from energy losses during lactation appears critical for supporting follicle development, the viability of oocytes and embryos, and, eventually, litter uniformity. This paper explores certain management routines for neonatal piglets that can lead to the optimization of their colostrum intake and thereby their survival in large litters. In addition, this paper reviews the evidence concerning nutritional factors, particularly lactation feeding that may reduce the loss of sow body reserves, affecting the growth of the next oocyte generation. In conclusion, decreasing birth weight and compromised immunity are subjects warranting investigation in the search for novel management tools. Furthermore, to increase litter uniformity, more focus should be placed on nutritional factors that affect IGF-1-driven follicle development before ovulation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.57-63
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• 2014

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) specimens treated with piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP), and N,N-dimethylethylenediaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MDEDAP). MDF Plates were painted in three times with 15 wt% solution of the alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids at the room temperature, respectively. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was indicated that the specimens treated with chemicals showed the later time to peak mass loss rate ($TMLR_{peak}$) = (340475) s than that of virgin plate by reducing the burning rate. In adition, the specimens treated with chemicals showed the higher $CO_{mean}$ production (0.0883~0.0963) kg/kg than that of virgin plate. Especially, the specimens treated with chemicals showed the higher mean smoke extinction area ($SEA_{mean}$) ($5m^2/kg{\sim}21.5m^2/kg$) than that of virgin plate. Thus, It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acids in the virgin MDF Plate. However, It gave a negative effect on smoke reduction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.542-547
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• 1998

In order to study bread properties utilizing extracts of pine needle, various mixing percentage were applied to select appropriate ratio between water and extracts. Dough pH, dough pH after first fermentation, dough volume, bread volume and baking loss rate were tested to investigate bread properties after adding extracts of pine needle to bread. The results were summarized as follows; The effects of extracts percentage on pH value of dough according to preparation method were the lowest in the method of hot air drying of pine needle powder. After first fermentation, dough pH was tended to have a the same tendency as above. Dough volume and bread volume were tended to be increased as extracts percentage of pine needle were increased. The percentage of baking loss tended to be a little increased as addition level of extracts was increased. Strength of hardness were increased as storage time passed away. In conclusion, the taste and texture of bread were tended to be decreased as storage time goes, but the strength of pine needle flavour were tended to be increased as addition level of extracts were increased, irrespective of preparation method.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.26-31
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• 1978

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of nicotine-contaminated mulberry-leaf, which was grown in the vicinity of tobacco drying plant (TDP), on cocoon crop. Mulberry-leaf harvested from the field at Sericultural Experiment Station (SES), Suweon, Korea, was used as control, supposedly nicotine-free leaf. Leaf harvested from the field in the distances of 30-50m, 300-400m and 700-800m from TDP was fed during the whole larval stage of the silkworm at. SES. The effect of leaf in each treatment level on the quantitative characters of the silkworm was summarized as follows; 1. Larval duration from 4th instar on was significantly longer in the TDP-leaf treatments than for the control. 2. Duration of matured silkworm appearance became longer as the distance of the mulberry-field from TDP got shorter, because the larval duration and growth of the silkworm were not uniform in the TDP-leaf treatments. 3. Mortality rates during the late larval, cocoon spinning, and pupal stages were highest for the 30-50m leaf, especially mortality rates during the late larval and pupal stage were serious. 4. Pupation rate was lowest for the 30-50m leaf and those for the 300-400m and the 700-800m leaf were not significantly different from that of the control. 5. Nicotine damage to cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight was significant in each TDP-leaf level. Cocoon shell ratio was reduced at the same extent in each level, compared with the control. 6. The ratio among cocoon-classes was significantly different between treatments, compared with best-cocoon ratio of 87.1% for the control. Cocoons were not uniform for the 30-50m leaf, and those for the 300-400m and the 700-800m leaf were as almost uniform as those for the control. 7. Loss of fresh cocoon yield became greater as the distance of the mulberry-field from the TDP-got shorter. In conclusion, the critical distance of mulberry-field, which influences larval health, cocoon quality and yield, appeared to be 800m from the TDP. Such other factors as wind direction and topographic location may be involved in the critical distance. 8. From the present experiment, we could obtain only the effect of nicotine on the silkworm through digestive system, since the silkworm was raised at SES in Suweon. If the silkworm.. were raised in the vicinity of the TDP, poison effect of nicotine on the silkworm could beo expected through exoskeleton and tracheal system as well as through digestive system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Agricultural inputs (fertilizer and organic inputs) and water conditions can influence $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission from agricultural soils. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of agricultural inputs (fertilizer and organic inputs) under changing water regime on $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission from a soil in a laboratory incubation experiment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four treatments were laid out: control without input and three type of agricultural inputs ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$, AS; pig manure compost, PMC; hairy vetch, HV). Fertilizer and organic inputs were mixed with 25 g of soil at 2.75 mg N/25 g soil (equivalent to 110 kg N/ha) in a bottle with septum, and incubated for 60 days. During the first 30-days incubation, the soil was waterlogged (1 cm of water depth) by adding distilled water weekly, and on 30 days of incubation, excess water was discarded then incubated up to 60 days without addition of water. Based on the redox potential, water regime could be classified into wetting (1 to 30 days), transition (31 to 40 days), and drying periods (41 to 60 days). Across the entire period, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ flux ranged from 0 to 13.8 mg $CH_4$/m/day and from 0.4~1.9 g $CO_2$/m/day, and both were relatively higher in the early wetting period and the boundary between transition and drying periods. During the entire period, % loss of C relative to the initial was highest in HV (16.4%) followed by AS (8.1%), PMC (7.5%), and control (5.4%), indicating readily decomposability of HV. Accordingly, both $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ fluxes were greatest in HV treatment. Meanwhile, the lower $CH_4$ flux in AS and PMC treatments than the control was ascribed to reduction in $CH_4$ generation due to the presence of oxidized compounds such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Fe^{3+}$, $Mn^{4+}$, and ${NO_3}^-$ that compete with precursors of $CH_4$ for electrons. CONCLUSION: Green manure such as HV can replace synthetic fertilizer in terms of N input, however, it may increase $CH_4$ emission from soils. Therefore, co-application of green manure and livestock manure compost needs to be considered in order to achieve satisfactory N supply and to mitigate $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2015

This paper describes vegetation based soil-media hydroseeding measures that have been previously applied as slope revegetation methods show problems such as insufficient binding force, drying, and insufficient organic matter. In particular, in the case of slope faces in regions where scattering is severe, a vicious circle exists in which remarkably low vegetation cover rates and increases in withering rates over time lead to further decreases in vegetation cover rates, which lead to further increases in erosion and scattering. Therefore, in the present study, environment friendly soil stabilizers were applied for resistance against erosion or scattering and engineering evaluations such as long-term immersion tests and flow resistance tests were conducted to determine appropriate mixing ratios. According to the results of long-term immersion tests utilizing environment friendly soil stabilizers and existing greening soil based materials, 100% collapse occurred at 30 hours and 40 days in the case of soil stabilizer mixing ratios of 0% and 2%, respectively. While the original form of the samples remained intact until the experiment was completed in the case of mixing ratios exceeding 4% indicating that 2% or higher soil stabilizer mixing ratios could affect the maintenance of forms even under extreme conditions. In addition, artificial rainfall tests were conducted on 40, 45, and 55 degree slope faces to evaluate the structural stability of vegetation based materials. Flow resistance tests were conducted on soil stabilizer mixing ratios of 0, 4, 8% to evaluate erosion resistance capability. Based on the results of the tests, environment friendly soil stabilizers applied for prevention of scattering or resistance against erosion by rainwater are considered to provide large effects to reduce losses and loss rates showed a tendency of decreasing rapidly when soil stabilizers were mixed.