• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1538-1545
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• 2010

Relationship marketing can be one of the most efficient strategies that enable a company to achieve business success in the marketing environment of tough competition and the desire of consumers for diverse products. Using relationship marketing instead of mass marketing can help a company increase profits. For. proper research in relationship marketing, it is indispensable to study interactivity. This study investigates the effects of interactivity on relationship marketing. The results are as follow: The enterprise-consumer interactivity had a significantly positive effect on relationship quality (trust, satisfaction, and commitment). Especially enterprise-consumer interactivity appeared as the most positive effect on satisfaction and customization benefit appeared to be the most positive effect on trust. The enterprise-consumer interactivity had a significantly positive effect on relationship performance (long-term relationship orientation, repurchase intention, and word of mouth). Especially, enterprise-consumer interactivity appeared as the most positive effect on long-term relationship orientation. Internet shopping malls should enhance the interaction between the company and customers with the feedback system to share important information, and maintain a reliable technological environment. The company can deal with customer requirements by supplying proper products and content. The findings of this study provide both industry and academic researchers with a guide to increase customer satisfaction in the relationship marketing process.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.73-90
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• 2010

Although research on acceptance of information systems provides useful insights in understanding users' behavior, we need to further understand factors that cause long-term or continued use. This article therefore examines the role of users' maximizing tendency (i.e., individual differences in pursuing the best option) in continuance intention of Web sites. By controlling for disconfirmation, ease of use, and product involvement, we empirically investigate the relationships between satisfaction, usefulness, and continuance intention to online bookstore Web sites. As suggested by the information technology continuance model, the effects of satisfaction to and perceived usefulness on continuance intention to Web sites are positive for individuals with low maximizing tendency (i.e., satisficers). Satisfaction and usefulness, however, are not associated with continuance intention for individuals with a high maximizing tendency (i.e., maximizers). The implications for both researchers and practitioners are discussed.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.343-355
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• 2000

Caffeine is widely consumed ingredient and it belongs to alkaloids. Many foods that we intake contain caffeine ; coffee, tea cocoa, chocolate, and coke. And it is also added to many commercial remedies ; cold tablets, headache tablets, etc. Effect of caffeine that is known to us so far is as follows; 1. Remaining awake for long hours 2. Increasing concentration and decreasing fatigue 3. Increasing basal metabolic rate 4. decomposing glycogen and body fat and providing energy 5. Stimulating gastric acid 6. Increasing urinary excretion. Caffeine containing beverages(especially, coffee)are also favorite food in adult. In case of children and youth, chocolate and coke are favorite food. So, to intake caffeine containing foods moderately can be a vitality of life. But, a long-term intake or overdose of caffeine can result in many side effects. For example, headache, irritability, restlessness, hypertension, fetal abnormality, etc. Therefore, it is desirable that caffeine intake is under 300-400mg per day. To decrease intake of caffeine, 1. Use decaffeinated coffee 2. Product of decaffeinated coffee bean through gene transformation 3. Indicate content and function of caffeine on caffeine-food container 4. Provide an information of caffeine to public.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.201-214
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• 2024

This study derived an effective way to expose information on product reviews by analyzing how the accumulation of information on reviews of online shopping malls, which are receiving a lot of attention amid the rapid increase in non-face-to-face transactions with small and medium-sized venture companies with insufficient resources, affects product review ratings. Hypotheses were derived based on the main theory of behavioral economics and the theory of consumer expectation inconsistency, and for empirical research, the effect of the accumulation of information on product reviews were analyzed from a short and long-term perspective using Amazon's product reviews and seller information big data. For the empirical study, 9,092,480 reviews written for 378,411 products of Amazon were used, and the hypotheses were verified through hierarchical regression analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the average rating decreased as the number of reviews increased. It was found that the product with a large number of recent reviews had a high rating. The characteristics of the product showed a moderating effect on these effects. This study will provide a new theoretical basis for research related to product review, and will help small and medium-sized venture companies that focus on sales through online shopping malls due to lack of resources to increase sales performance by appropriately utilizing review information. It will also provide empirical insights into effective product review information exposure measures for online shopping mall managers.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.143-167
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• 2015

This paper addresses the issue how the total life cycle cost may be minimized and how the cost should be allocated to the acquirer and developer. This paper differentiates post life cycle change (PLCC) endeavors from PLCC activities, rigorously classifies PLCC endeavors according to the result of PLCC endeavors, and rigorously defines the life cycle cost of a software product. This paper reviews classical definitions of software 'maintenance' types and proposes a new typology of PLCC activities too. The proposed classification schemes are exhaustive and mutually exclusive, and provide a new paradigm to review existing literatures regarding software cost estimation, software 'maintenance,' software evolution, and software architecture from a new perspective. This paper argues that the long-term interest of the acquirer is not protected properly because warranty period is typically too short and because the main concern of warranty service is given to removing the defects detected easily. Based on the observation that defects are caused solely by errors the developer has committed for software while defects are often induced by using for hardware (so, this paper cautiously proposes not to use the term 'maintenance' at all for software), this paper argues that the cost to remove defects should not be borne by the acquirer for software.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.39-52
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• 2020

A high quality, long-term, high-resolution precipitation dataset is an essential in climate analyses and global water cycles. Rainfall data from station observations are inadequate over many parts of the world, especially North Korea, due to non-existent observation networks, or limited reporting of gauge observations. As a result, satellite-based rainfall estimates have been used as an alternative as a supplement to station observations. The Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation (CHIRP) and CHIRP combined with station observations (CHIRPS) are recently produced satellite-based rainfall products with relatively high spatial and temporal resolutions and global coverage. CHIRPS is a global precipitation product and is made available at daily to seasonal time scales with a spatial resolution of 0.05° and a 1981 to near real-time period of record. In this study, we analyze the applicability of CHIRPS data on the Korean Peninsula by supplementing the lack of precipitation data of North Korea. We compared the daily precipitation estimates from CHIRPS with 81 rain gauges across Korea using several statistical metrics in the long-term period of 1981-2017. To summarize the results, the CHIRPS product for the Korean Peninsula was shown an acceptable performance when it is used for hydrological applications based on monthly rainfall amounts. Overall, this study concludes that CHIRPS can be a valuable complement to gauge precipitation data for estimating precipitation and climate, hydrological application, for example, drought monitoring in this region.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-34
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• 2010

Introduction The purpose of this research is to develop overall model which involves the effect of ongoing support services by franchisor on franchisee's relationship quality(trust, satisfaction, and commitment) and business performance(financial and non-financial performance), and to investigate the relationships among trust, satisfaction, commitment, financial and non-financial performance. This study also suggests franchise business or franchise system should be based on long-term orientation between franchisor and franchisee rather than short-term orientation, or transactional relationship, and proposes the most effective way of providing on-going support services by franchisor with franchisee thru symbiotic relationship among franchisor and franchisee Research Model and Hypothesis The research model as Figure 1 shows the variables on-going support services which affect the relationship quality between franchisor and franchisee such as trust, satisfaction, and commitment, and also analyze the effects of relationship quality on business performance including financial and non-financial performance We established 12 hypotheses to test as follows; Relationship between on-going support services and trust H1: On-going support services factors (product category & price, logistics service, promotion, information providing & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support) have positive effect on franchisee's trust. Relationship between on-going support services and satisfaction H2: On-going support services factors (product category & price, logistics service, promotion, information providing & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support) have positive effect on franchisee's satisfaction. Relationship between on-going support services and commitment H3: On-going support services factors (product category & price, logistics service, promotion, information providing & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support) have positive effect on franchisee's commitment. Relationship among relationship quality: trust, satisfaction, and commitment H4: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's satisfaction. H5: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's commitment. H6: Franchisee's satisfaction has positive effect on franchisee's commitment. Relationship between relationship quality and business performance H7: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's financial performance. H8: Franchisee's trust has positive effect on franchisee's non-financial performance. H9: Franchisee's satisfaction has positive effect on franchisee's financial performance. H10: Franchisee's satisfaction has positive effect on franchisee's non-financial performance. H11: Franchisee's commitment has positive effect on franchisee's financial performance. H12: Franchisee's commitment has positive effect on franchisee's non-financial performance. Method The on-going support services were defined as an organized system of continuous supporting services by franchisor for the purpose of satisfying the expectation of franchisee based on long-term orientation and classified into six constructs such as product category & price, logistics service, promotion, providing information & problem solving capability, supervisor's support, and education & training support. The six constructs were measured agreement using a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree)as follows. The product category & price was measured by four items: menu variety, price of food material provided by franchisor, and support for developing new menu. The logistics service was measured by six items: distribution system of franchisor, return policy for provided food materials, timeliness, inventory control level of franchisor, accuracy of order, and flexibility of emergency order. The promotion was measured by five items: differentiated promotion activities, brand image of franchisor, promotion effect such as customer increase, long-term plan of promotion, and micro-marketing concept in promotion. The providing information & problem solving capability was measured by information providing of new products, information of competitors, information of cost reduction, and efforts for solving problems in franchisee's operations. The supervisor's support was measured by supervisor operations, frequency of visiting franchisee, support by data analysis, processing the suggestions by franchisee, diagnosis and solutions for the franchisee's operations, and support for increasing sales in franchisee. Finally, the of education & training support was measured by recipe training by specialist, service training for store people, systemized training program, and tax & human resources support services. Analysis and results The data were analyzed using Amos. Figure 2 and Table 1 present the result of the structural equation model. Implications The results of this research are as follows: Firstly, the factors of product category, information providing and problem solving capacity influence only franchisee's satisfaction and commitment. Secondly, logistic services and supervising factors influence only trust and satisfaction. Thirdly, continuing education and training factors influence only franchisee's trust and commitment. Fourthly, sales promotion factor influences all the relationship quality representing trust, satisfaction, and commitment. Fifthly, regarding relationship among relationship quality, trust positively influences satisfaction, however, does not directly influence commitment, but satisfaction positively affects commitment. Therefore, satisfaction plays a mediating role between trust and commitment. Sixthly, trust positively influence only financial performance, and satisfaction and commitment influence positively both financial and non-financial performance.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.503-507
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• 2015

Sustainability continues to gain traction in all industry sectors as people become aware of the advantages of green products. The voluntary use of green products in buildings in the United States continues to grow due to long-term cost saving and the ecological benefit to nature. The voluntary installation of green products is associated with end-users' expectations and perceptions including cost saving, sustainable behavior, and social responsibility. Although involuntary use of green products has similar expectations and perceptions, the installation decision is not based on the goodwill from end-users. This paper surveys college students to capture current experience levels, expectations, and perceptions in regard to green products and/or sustainability and to understand their attitudes about involuntary use of a green product. The installation of low water pressure showerheads in a dormitory provides data to support perception, expectation, and future direction of adoption of green products in public buildings. This information may be used to facilitate sustainable behaviors among involuntary groups regarding to the adoption of green products. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the college students' perception of a green product, particularly when the students are involuntarily exposed to the green products. As a secondary objective, the paper also attempts to address the college students' general understanding on sustainability and green products. The findings of this study could support the growing importance of sustainable behavior among higher education beyond social responsibility and provide a benchmark against which to improve future change while fostering sustainable behaviors over time among the public.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2018

Intermittent demand is a demand with a pattern in which zero demands occur frequently and non-zero demands occur sporadically. This type of demand mainly appears in spare parts with very low demand. Croston's method, which is an initiative intermittent demand forecasting method, estimates the average demand by separately estimating the size of non-zero demands and the interval between non-zero demands. Such smoothing type of forecasting methods can be suitable for mid-term or long-term demand forecasting because those provides the same demand forecasts during the forecasting horizon. However, the smoothing type of forecasting methods aims at short-term forecasting, so the estimated average forecast is a factor to decrease accuracy. In this paper, we propose a forecasting method to improve short-term accuracy by improving Croston's method for intermittent demand forecasting. The proposed forecasting method estimates both the non-zero demand size and the zero demands' interval separately, as in Croston's method, but the forecast at a future period adjusted by binomial weight according to occurrence probability. This serves to improve the accuracy of short-term forecasts. In this paper, we first prove the unbiasedness of the proposed method as an important attribute in forecasting. The performance of the proposed method is compared with those of five existing forecasting methods via eight evaluation criteria. The simulation results show that the proposed forecasting method is superior to other methods in terms of all evaluation criteria in short-term forecasting regardless of average size and dispersion parameter of demands. However, the larger the average demand size and dispersion are, that is, the closer to continuous demand, the less the performance gap with other forecasting methods.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.38 no.5_6
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• pp.439-461
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• 2020

A step-up option is a newly developed financial instrument that simultaneously provides higher security and profitability. This paper introduces two step-up options: step-up type1 and step-up type2 options, and derives the option pricing formulas using the Laplace transform. We assume that the underlying equity price follows a regime-switching model that reflects the long-term maturity of these options. The option prices are calculated for the two types of funds, a pure stock fund composed of risky assets only and a mixed fund composed of stocks and bonds, to reflect possible variety in the fund underlying asset mix. The impact of changes in the model parameters on the option prices is analyzed. This paper provides information crucial to product developments.