• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 1994

Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease mainly of cattle, sheep, and goats. Anaplasmosis in goat had been reported at last year by authors. The disease brought the economic losses in the goat farm in Chonbuk province. In order to treat the disease, a long-acting formulation terramycin injectable solution was used experimental animals which indigenous goats were sick with moderate anemia. We were devided into two groups was treated with single dosage (20mg /kg of body weight). one group was treated with single injection, the other group was treated with twice of the same dosage intramusculary injection. The results indicate that the use of long-acting terramycin would minimize clinical signs of anaplasmosis infection in goat. After treament the differrences of hematological appearences and parasitaemia were observed in the effect of terramycin treatment. obviously, increased value of RBC. HB and HCT, and parasitaemia by means of Giemsa staining and acrydine orange staining was observed decreased due to treatment.

• Journal of mucopolysaccharidosis and rare diseases
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2015

Recent research trends of human growth hormone (hGH) are divided into improved first-generation products, long-acting second-generation products, and biosimilar products. Among the improved first-generation products studies, studies of injection devices are being actively conducted. The long-acting second-generation products are focused on extending the half-life of hGH, and depending on the results of the clinical trials, the candidates are expected to lead the future hGH market. Finally, biosimilar has had less impact on the hGH market before now; however, expectations of low-cost products still remainas an opportunity.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2013

Objectives We investigated the effectiveness and safety when treated in schizophrenics with paliperidone palmitate, a long acting injectable antipsychotic. Methods This was a 24-week open-label study, performed at one center in Korea. The eligible patients with schizophrenia diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria were enrolled. Patients received long-acting paliperidone palmitate injection (234 mg, baseline; 156 mg, week 1 ; then once 4 weeks flexible dosing). Effectiveness assessments were measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), The Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S), The Personal and Social Performance (PSP) at baseline, week 1, every 4 weeks untill 24 weeks or endpoint. Safety assessments were measured by The Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), body weight (BW) and incidence of adverse events. Oral antipsychotics were stopped or tapered off within next 14 days. Results Of 20 patients recruited, 9 patients (45%) completed the study. Paliperidone palmitate produced a significant improvement in PANSS total score from baseline to endpoint. The response rate was 75% [mean change (${\pm}SD$) $-25.9{\pm}14.4$, all p < 0.001]. The CGI-S and PSP total scores significantly improved during 24 weeks (All p < 0.001). Eighty percent of patients reported adverse events and most common adverse events (${\geq}10%$) in paliperidone palmitate were anticholinergic adverse event, extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, akathisia, insomnia, headache, agitation, anxiety and GI trouble. ESRS score is not statistically significant, but tends to get better at the end of the study when compared to baseline. Conclusions Our study results demonstrated maintained effectiveness and safety of paliperidone palmitate treatment in schizophrenics. And provides both clinicians and patients with a new choice of treatment that can improve the outcome of long term therapy. Their potential effectiveness and safety should be better addressed by future randomized-controlled trials.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2003

Local anesthetics are used to reduce pain, but they are so frequently injected to patients. So, we prepared lidocaine solid lipid microspheres (SLM) as long acting abdominal injection using spray drying method and evaluated drug entrapment, particle size, SEM, zeta potential and in vitro and in vivo drug release pattern, The particle sizes of SLM were 30∼100$\mu$m and it is enough to inject into abdominal tissue. The entrapment efficiency of SLM was over 95％ as spray drying method. Surfactant and PC decreased the burst effect by 20∼30％. In in vivo test, C-6 showed controlled release concentration profile in plasma for 8 days and C-5 sustained longer than we expected.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.410.1-410.1
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• 2002

Local anesthetics are used to reduce pain. but they are so frequently injected to patients. So we prepared lidocaine solid lipid nanopaticles for long acting subcutaneous injection to decrease the number of times of injection. Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by spray drying method. First. drug. lipid. plasticizer and surfactant were dissolved in methylene chloride. and we operated spray dryer using this solution at setting value. (omitted)

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2014

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic efficacy of piroxicam (PX), a long acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of arthritis, following intra-articular (IA) injection in comparison to the pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic efficacy of PX after intramuscular (IM) injection. In the pharmacokinetic study in rats, systemic exposure and pharmacokinetic parameters of PX after a single IA dose were compared with systemic exposure and pharmacokinetic parameters of PX after administration of the same dose IM (0.6 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of IA PX were evaluated simultaneously in a monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis rat model. The plasma PX concentration rapidly rose following IA injection, and it was comparable to the plasma PX concentration following IM injection, suggesting the rapid efflux of the drug molecule from the joint cavity. However, in the efficacy study, the IA PX administration significantly reduced the knee swelling by reducing the level of prostaglandin $E_2$ in the joint, compared to that following administration of IA vehicle and after administration of the IM PX dose. In addition, we found that the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive efficacies of IA PX were synergistically increased upon co-treatment with hyaluronic acid (HA), a potent agent for the treatment of osteoarthritis, at the weight ratio of 1:1 or 1:2, and these effects were more pronounced than those following administration of HA or PX alone. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the efficacy of the IA use of PX alone and/or in combination with HA in osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2015

An artificial recharge test aimed at investigating transport characteristics of the injected water plume in a fractured rock aquifer was conducted. The test used an injection well for injecting tap water whose temperature and electrical conductivity were different from the groundwater. Temporal and depth-wise variation of temperature and electrical conductivity was monitored in both the injection well and a nearby observation well. A highly permeable fracture zone acting as the major pathway of groundwater flow was distinctively revealed in the monitoring data. A finite element subsurface flow and transport simulator (FEFLOW) was used to investigate sensitivity of the transport process to associated aquifer parameters. Simulated results showed that aperture thickness of the fracture and the hydraulic gradient of groundwater highly affected spatio-temporal variation of temperature and electrical conductivity of the injected water plume. The study suggests that artificial recharge of colder water in a fractured rock aquifer could create a thermal plume persistent over a long period of time depending on hydro-thermal properties of the aquifer as well as the amount of injected water.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2008

Meloxicam-loaded microspheres were prepared with poly(D,L-lactic acid)(PLA) by a solvent-emulsion evaporation method. The morphology, particle size, drug loading capacity, drug entrapment efficiency (EE) and release patterns of drug were investigated in vitro. Various batches of micro spheres with different size and drug content were obtained by changing the ratio of meloxicam to $PLA^{\circ}{\AE}s$ with different molecular weight, PLA concentration in the dispersed phase and stirring rate. Meloxicam crystals on microsphere surface, which were released rapidly and could act as a loading dose, were observed with increasing drug content. The release rate was increased with increase in drug contents and decrease in the molecular weight of PLA. Microspheres prepared with smaller molecular weight produced faster drug release rate. The release rate of meloxicam for long-acting injectable delivery system in vitro, which would aid in predicting in vivo release profile, could be controlled by properly optimizing various factors affecting characteristics of microspheres. Blood concentration-time profile of meloxicam after intramuscular injection of meloxicam-loaded microspheres in rabbits showed possibility of long term application of this system in clinical settings.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 1989

The objective of this study was to determine the metabolic effect of exogenous insulin on Sprague-Dawley rats. In a short-term study, the rats were injected insulin and sacrificed at 0.50, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6hr, respectively. Another group of the rats were injected long-acting insulin everyday and sacrificed at 0, 10, 20 and 30days, respectively. Levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma glucose, plasma protein, plasma albmin, plasma lipids, cholesterol were determined for each experimental group. Also microscopic observation of fat infiltration of liver and aorta performed. No significant abnormality was abserved either at the short-term or at the long-term insulin injection on normal rats.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2010

Albumin-modification has been viewed as one of the most effective ways of extending the short in vivo lifetimes of peptide drugs by delaying glomerular filtration. In this study, we describe a new type 2 anti-diabetic exendin-4 (Ex4) peptide derivative with significant binding ability to human serum albumin (HSA). This exendin-4 derivative consists of a 4-branched polyethylene glycol $(PEG)_{5k}$ (Mw: 20 kDa) modified with three stearylamines ($C_{18}-NH_2$) and one exendin-4 on its branches. PEG and stearylamine were selected to provide functionality to increase molecular size and bind to albumin, respectively. This derivative ($3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4) was shown to have larger molecular size (Ca. 152 kDa) than actual (25.0 kDa) when subjected to size-exclusion chromatography, and the fluorescein-tagged $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 displayed significant binding to the HSA-immobilized Sepharose CL-4B resin using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 was found to have acceptable anti-hyperglycemic efficacy via three consecutive oral glucose tolerance testings (OGTT) in fasted type 2 diabetic db/db mice. The $HD_{total}$ value ($57.6{\pm}12.3%$) of $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 at a 50 nmol/kg dose was 2-fold greater than that ($31.0{\pm}8.7%$) of native exendin-4 in non-fasted db/db mice. Especially, the blood glucose levels in the mice group treated with $3C_{18}-4PEG_{5k}$-Ex4 did not rebound to ~150 mg/dL until 24 h after the injection, which obviously shows the extended hypoglycemia. We believe that this derivative has great pharmaceutical potential as a novel long-acting type 2 anti-diabetic injection treatment.