• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2014

In this study, we analyzed probability distribution of EMCs (Event Mean Concentration) of COD, TOC, T-N, T-P and SS from rice paddy fields and compared the mean values of observed EMCs and the median values of estimated EMCs ($EMC_{50}$) through probability distribution. The field monitoring was conducted during a period of four crop-years (from May 1, 2008, to September 30. 2011) in a rice cultivation area located in Emda-myun, Hampyeong gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. Four probability distributions such as Normal, Log-normal, Gamma, and Weibull distribution were used to fit values of EMCs from rice paddy fields. Our results showed that the applicable probability distributions were Normal, Log-normal, and Gamma distribution for COD, and Normal, Log- Normal, Gamma and Weibull distribution for T-N, and Log-normal, Gamma and Weibull distribution for T-P and TOC, and Log-normal and Gamma distribution for SS. Log-normal and Gamma distributions were acceptable for EMCs of all water quality constituents(COD, TOC, T-N, T-P and SS). Meanwhile, mean value of observed COD was similar to median value estimated by the gamma distribution, and TOC, T-N, T-P, and SS were similar to median value estimated by log-normal distribution, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.425-431
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• 2009

It is very important to know the probability distribution of water-quality constituents for water-quality control and management of rivers and reservoirs effectively. The probability distribution of BOD in Anseong Stream was analyzed in this paper using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which is widely used goodness-of-fit method. It was known that the distribution of BOD in Anseong Stream is closer to Log-normal, Gamma and Weibull distributions than Normal distribution. Normal distribution can be partially applied depending on significance level, but Log-normal, Gamma and Weibull distributions can be used in any significance level. Also the estimated Log-normal distribution of BOD at Jinwi3 station was to be compared with the measured in 2001, 2002 and 2003 years. It was revealed that the estimated probability distribution of BOD at Jinwi3 follows a theoretical distribution very well. The applicable probability distribution of BOD can be used to explain more rigorously and scientifically the achievement or violation of target concentration in TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.55-59
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• 1993

한국의 중서부 지역에서 주로 벌채한 잣나무 간벌 제재목을 경기도 광주 소재 제재소에서 무작위로 추출하여 구입하였다. 본 연구는 휨강도 시험을 표준 시험 방법에 의하여 실시하였다. 각 무결점 시편으로부터 측정한 영 계수와 휨 강도에 대하여 이론적 통계 분포인 정상 분포, Log-normal 분포, Weibull 분포를 계산하여 비교하였다. Weibull 분포가 휨영계수 및 휨강도 모두에 적합하였으며, Log-normal 분포는 영계수 분포에 대한 이용에 적합하였다. 휨강도 분포에서는 Normal 분포가 Log-normal 분포보다 적합하다.

• Water for future
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 1974

Annual runoff in the Nakdong river basin has been analyzed to find the probability functions of best fit to distribution of historical annual runoff. The results obtained are as follows; (1) Log-normal 3-parameter disrtibution is believed as the probability function of best fit to historical distribution (2) Log-normal 3-parameter disrtibution is believed as the best fit probability function among Log-normal dist-ributions. (3) In the test of goodness of fit, $x^2-test$ shows that probability of $x^2-valus$ in Log-normal 3-parameter distribution is nearly more than 90%. But in the Simirnov-Kolmogorov test, hypotheses for the probability distributions cannot be rejected at significance level 5% & 1%. (4) Among 7 gauging stations, Dongchon & Koryung-Bridge's records show lower fitness to the theoretical probability functions than other 5 gauging station's

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.24 no.9A
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• pp.1306-1313
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• 1999

In this paper, we propose the signal strength path loss model (modified Hata path loss Model) and the signal strength distribution model (log-normal distribution) for the cell design of the land mobile communication system. We applied the measured experimental data at Soosungdon and Sanjuckdong in Daeku, to this model and calculate the fraction of total area above threshold.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.299-309
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• 2020

In this study, wind data such as speeds, loads and potential of Muğla which is located in the southwest of Turkey were statistically analyzed. The wind data which consists of hourly wind speed between 2010 and 2013 years, was measured at the 10-meters height in four different ground stations (Datça, Fethiye, Marmaris, Köyceğiz). These stations are operated by The Turkish State Meteorological Service (T.S.M.S). Furthermore, wind data was analyzed by using Log-Normal and Gamma distributions, since these distributions fit better than Weibull, Normal, Exponential and Logistic distributions. Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and the coefficients of the goodness of fit (R²) were also determined by using statistical analysis. According to the results, extreme wind speed in the research area was 33 m/s at the Datça station. The effective wind load at this speed is 0.68 kN/㎡. The highest mean power densities for Datça, Fethiye, Marmaris and Köyceğiz were found to be 46.2, 1.6, 6.5 and 2.2 W/㎡, respectively. Also, although Log-normal distribution exhibited a good performance i.e., lower AD (Anderson - Darling statistic (AD) values) values, Gamma distribution was found more suitable in the estimation of wind speed and power of the region.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.704-705
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• 2006

Discrete element analysis is used to map various log-normal particle size distributions into measures of the in-sphere pore size distribution. Combinations evaluated range from monosized spheres to include bimodal mixtures and various log-normal distributions. The latter proves most useful in providing a mapping of one distribution into the other (knowing the particle size distribution we want to predict the pore size distribution). Such metrics show predictions where the presence of large pores is anticipated that need to be avoided to ensure high sintered properties.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.104-109
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• 2002

In this paper, a statistical analysis of fatigue crack growth behavior under constant amplitude loads has been carried out. Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted on sixteen pre-cracked compact tension (CT) specimens of the pressure vessel (SPV50) steel in controlled identical load and environmental conditions. The assessment of the statistical distribution of fatigue crack growth experimental data obtained from SPV50 steel was studied and also the correlation of the parameter C and m in the Paris-Erdogan law was discussed. The probability distribution function of fatigue crack growth life seems to follow the 3-parameter Weibull. The fatigue crack growth rate seems to follow the 3-parameter Weibull and the log-normal distribution. The coefficient of variation (COV) of fatigue crack growth life was observed to decrease as the crack grows. A strong negative linear correlation exists between the coefficient C and the exponent m in Paris model. Fatigue crack growth rate data shows a normal distribution for both m and logC.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.923-929
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• 2003

In this paper, an analysis of fatigue crack growth behavior from a statistical point of view has been carried out. Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted on sixteen pre-cracked compact tension (CT) specimens of the pressure vessel (SPV50) steel in controlled identical load and environmental conditions. The assessment of the statistical distribution of fatigue crack growth experimental data obtained from SPV50 steel was studied and also the correlation of the parameter C and m in the Paris-Erdogan law was discussed. The probability distribution function of fatigue crack growth life seems to follow the 3-parameter Weibull. The fatigue crack growth rate seems to follow the 3-parameter Weibull and the log-normal distribution. The coefficient of variation (COV) of fatigue crack growth life was observed to decrease as the crack grows. Fatigue crack growth rate data shows a normal distribution for both m and logC. A strong negative linear correlation exists between the coefficient C and the exponent m.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.153-159
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• 2018

Many researches have been carried out on carbonation, a representative deterioration in underground structure. The carbonation of RC (Reinforced Concrete) structure can cause steel corrosion through pH drop in concrete pore water. However extension of service life in RC structures can be obtained through simple surface protection. Unlike the conventional deterministic maintenance technique, probabilistic technique can consider a variation of service life but it deals with only normal distributions. In the work, life time-probability distributions considering not only normal but also log distributions are induced, and repair cost estimation technique is proposed based on the induced model. The proposed technique can evaluate the repair cost through probabilistic manner regardless of normal or log distribution from initial service life and extended service life with repair. When the extended service life through repair has log distribution, repair cost is effectively reduced. The more reasonable maintenance strategy can be set up though actual determination of life-probability distribution based on long term tests and field investigations.