• 산업공학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2009

An effective management for reverse flows of products such as reuse, repair and disposal, has become an important issue for every aspect of business. In this paper, we study the Location-Routing Problem (LRP) in the multi-stage closed-loop supply chain network. The closed-loop supply chain in this study integrated both forward and reverse flows. In forward flow, a factory, Distribution Center (DC) and retailer are considered as usual. Additionally in reverse flow, we consider the Central Returns collection Center (CRC) and disposal facility. We propose a mixed integer programming model for the design of closed-loop supply chain integrating both forward and reverse flows. Since the LRP belongs to an NP-hard problem, we suggest a heuristic algorithm based on genetic algorithm. For some test problems, we found the optimal locations and routes by changing the numbers of retailers and facility candidates. Furthermore, we compare the efficiencies between open-loop and closed-loop supply chain networks. The results show that the closed-loop design is better than the open one in respect to the total routing distance and cost. This phenomenon enlarges the cut down effect on cost as an experimental space become larger.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.3834-3857
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• 2021

The design of cluster-based routing protocols is necessary for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). But, due to the lack of features, the traditional methods face issues, especially on unbalanced energy consumption of routing protocol. This work focuses on enhancing the security and energy efficiency of the system by proposing Energy Efficient Based Secure Routing Protocol (EESRP) which integrates trust management, optimization algorithm and key management. Initially, the locations of the deployed nodes are calculated along with their trust values. Here, packet transfer is maintained securely by compiling a Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) approach. Finally, trust, key, location and energy parameters are incorporated in Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and meta-heuristic based Harmony Search (HS) method to find the secure shortest path. Our results show that the energy consumption of the proposed approach is 1.06mJ during the transmission mode, and 8.69 mJ during the receive mode which is lower than the existing approaches. The average throughput and the average PDR for the attacks are also high with 72 and 62.5 respectively. The significance of the research is its ability to improve the performance metrics of existing work by combining the advantages of different approaches. After simulating the model, the results have been validated with conventional methods with respect to the number of live nodes, energy efficiency, network lifetime, packet loss rate, scalability, and energy consumption of routing protocol.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a sink-location management and data-routing scheme to effectively support the mobile sink in solar-powered WSN. Battery-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a limited lifetime due to their limited energy, but solar energy-based WSNs can be supplied with energy periodically and can operate forever. On the other hand, introduction of mobile sink in WSNs can solve some energy unbalance problem between sink-neighboring nodes and outer nodes which is one of the major challenges in WSNs. However, there is a problem that additional energy should be consumed to notify each sensor node of the location of the randomly moving mobile sink. In the proposed scheme, one of the nodes that harvests enough energy in each cluster are selected as the cluster head, and the location information of the mobile sink is shared only among the cluster heads, thereby reducing the location management overhead. In addition, the overhead for setting the routing path can be removed by transferring data in the opposite direction to the path where the sink-position information is transferred among the heads. Lastly, the access node is introduced to transmit data to the sink more reliably when the sink moves frequently.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2005

With the recent advances in Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) technology, low cost and low power consumption wireless micro sensor nodes have become available. However, energy-efficient routing is one of the most important key technologies in wireless sensor networks as sensor nodes are highly energy-constrained. Therefore, many researchers have proposed routing protocols for sensor networks, especially cluster-based routing protocols, which have many advantages such as reduced control messages, bandwidth re-usability, and improved power control. Some protocols use information on the locations of sensor nodes to construct clusters efficiently. However, it is rare that all sensor nodes know their positions. In this article, we propose another cluster-based routing protocol for sensor networks. This protocol does not use information concerning the locations of sensor nodes, but uses the remaining energy of sensor networks and the desirable number of cluster heads according to the circumstances of the sensor networks. From performance simulation, we found that the proposed protocol shows better performance than the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH).

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.121-136
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• 2023

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have many potential applications and unique challenges. Some problems of WSNs are: severe resources' constraints, low reliability and fault tolerant, low throughput, low scalability, low Quality of Service (QoS) and insecure operational environments. One significant solution against mentioned problems is hierarchical and clustering-based multipath routing. But, existent algorithms have many weaknesses such as: high overhead, security vulnerabilities, address-centric, low-scalability, permanent usage of optimal paths and severe resources' consumption. As a result, this paper is proposed an energy-aware, congestion-aware, location-based, data-centric, scalable, hierarchical and clustering-based multipath routing algorithm based on Numerical Taxonomy technique for homogenous WSNs. Finally, performance of the proposed algorithm has been compared with performance of LEACH routing algorithm; results of simulations and statistical-mathematical analysis are showing the proposed algorithm has been improved in terms of parameters like balanced resources' consumption such as energy and bandwidth, throughput, reliability and fault tolerant, accuracy, QoS such as average rate of packet delivery and WSNs' lifetime.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.2243-2250
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• 2014

무선센서 네트워크에서, 위치기반의 라우팅 알고리즘은 네트워크의 성능을 향상 시킬 수 있다. 따라서 많은 위치 추적 알고리즘이 제안되고 있다. 하지만, 실제 상황의 무선센서 네트워크에서 각각의 노드가 자신의 위치를 인지할 시 오차가 수반된다. 특히 실내 환경은 콘크리트 벽이나 가구와 같은 NLOS환경을 만드는 장해물을 가지고 있기 때문에 위치 추적 시 심각한 오차가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서, 앵커노드로부터 얻어지는 위치정보로 구축한 토폴로지와 모바일 노드간의 연결을 가중치로 하는 MST 토폴로지 정보의 차이점을 이용해서 위치 오차를 보정하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안한 알고리즘은 NLOS환경이 존재하는 네트워크에서, 위치 오차를 보정하여 위치기반 네트워크의 성능을 개선할 수 있다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.50-67
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• 2015

The Cognitive Radio (CR) paradigm in tactical ad hoc networks is an important element of future military communications for network-centric warfare. This paper presents a novel Cognitive Link State Routing protocol for CR-based tactical ad hoc networks. The proposed scheme provides prompt and reliable routes for Primary User (PU) activity through procedures that incorporate two main functions: PU-aware power adaptation and channel switching. For the PU-aware power adaptation, closer multipoint relay nodes are selected to prevent network partition and ensure successful PU communication. The PU-aware channel switching is proactively conducted using control messages to switch to a new available channel based on a common channel list. Our simulation study based on the ns-3 simulator demonstrates that the proposed routing scheme delivers significantly improved performance in terms of average end-to-end delay, jitter, and packet delivery ratio.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2015

무선 센서 네트워크에서는 효율적으로 에너지를 사용해서 전체 네트워크의 수명을 연장하는 것이 중요한 이슈이다. 기존의 라우팅 프로토콜에서는 클러스터 헤드를 단순히 센서노드들과 가까운 노드로 선택했기 때문에, 경우에 따라서는 클러스터 헤드와 Base Station(BS) 위치가 센서노드와 BS사이의 위치보다 멀어서 거리에 따른 불필요한 에너지 소모가 생긴다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 클러스터의 구성과 클러스터 헤드를 노드들의 위치 정보에 따라서 선정하는 위치기반 클러스터링 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 기존의 알고리즘보다 네트워크 시간이 연장되어 에너지를 효율적으로 사용함을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.412-427
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• 2008

We propose ID-exchange protocol for Connectionless Location-Awareness Service (CLAS) to locate mobile nodes in indoor sensor network. When adapting location-awareness service to sensor network, the target system must be designed in accordance with various metrics which reflect the system requirement. We especially consider sustainability of the existing service which has been provided for its original purpose, such as environmental monitoring. The detailed meaning of sustainability here is that, even if location-awareness service is newly added to the existing service, the system must be assured to retain a stable network condition, and to deal with newly caused traffic properly. The CLAS ID-exchange protocol is especially designed for fixture and mobile nodes communication to achieve these properties. The protocol operates on 802.15.4 MAC layer to make mobile node work independently of the procedure to build routing table of fixture node, so a stable routing condition can be achieved even if there are many mobile nodes. Moreover, the dedicated frequency channel is assigned only for this protocol, so that traffic caused by location-awareness service can be distributed to another channel. A real system adapting the protocol was implemented to monitor fire and authorities' positions. We verified the overhead and elapsed time for location-awareness. The result shows the proposed protocol has a high performance in detecting speed, traffic distribution, and stability of overall network.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제37권4B호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2012

무선 센서 네트워크에서 위치기반 멀티캐스트 라우팅은 중복되어 전송되는 메시지 전송 횟수를 줄임으로써 무선 센서 네트워크망의 채널 용량과 수명을 증가시킬 수 있다. 하지만 기존의 위치기반 멀티캐스트 알고리즘들은 센서 노드의 위치만을 고려하여 패킷을 전송하기 때문에 장애물이나 다른 무선기기의 간섭영향이 존재하는 실제환경에서는 네트워크 성능이 저하될 수 있다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 간섭의 영향을 고려한 위치기반 멀티캐스트 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안한 알고리즘에서 각 센서 노드는 간섭영향을 고려하여 각 링크에 패킷전송 시 소모되는 에너지를 계산하고 이를 바탕으로 간섭영향이 가장 적은 링크를 통해 멀티캐스트 패킷을 전송한다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 제안한 알고리즘은 기존 연구들에 비하여 패킷전송률과 에너지 소비 측면에서 향상된 성능을 보였다.