• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of small village wetlands in Geumsan County, an inland mountain zone, and comparing with Seocheon County, a coastal plain area with different ecological environment characteristics. Using Arc-GIS (v10.1) the village wetland code was extracted to derive the possible location of the village wetland, and the final distribution of the village was obtained by performing indoor judging work based on satellite images, aerial photographs, topographical maps, Korea Land Information System (KLIS), land use level, land cover degree (division), and land use status by local surveying and indoor analyzing. Although Geumsan County (576.66km2) is more than 60% larger than Seocheon County (358.04km2), 607 villages in Geumsan County and 570 villages in Seocheon County are capable of making similar levels of 106.5% of wetlands, but only a fraction of those in Seocheon County were found to be 67.6%. The density of the village wetlands was much lower than that of Seocheon County, a coastal plain area, because there were many mountainous areas in Geumsan County, and most of the wetlands temporarily created for water supply were removed during the analysis phase of the Jeongsa Image, so the actual wetlands of the village were judged to be only two-thirds different from those of Seocheon County.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.336-339
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• 2011

In the RTLS(Real Time Location Based System), in case of existing a number of moving target, extremely complecated data flow is can be occurred. In the network where single gateway exists, various data which was collected from sensor node is transmitted along the simple route as time goes by. In case of multi-gateway configuration, the collected data is transmitted through diverse routes rather than simple route. This kind of data causes jams on nodes and this brings down the performance of the network. Different from existing studies, in this thesis, MAC (Media Access Control) protocol which minimizes data collision between nodes and guarantees QoS(Quality of Service) is suggested, in order to communicate efficiently in multi-gateway underwater sensor network environment. In the suggested protocol, source node which wants to transmit data makes a channel reservation to a number of destination node using a RTS packet. Source node reserves a channel without collision, by scheduling CTS response time using expected delay information from neighbor nodes. Once the reservation is made, source node transmit data packet without collision. This protocol analyzes/estimates the performance compared to a method provided from existing studies via simulation. As a results of the analysis, it was comfirmed that the suggested method has better performance, such as efficiency and delay.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.164-175
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• 2019

Installation of digital tachograph, black box, and ADAS have been enforced to commercial vehicles for preventing violent driving and accidents by the Traffic Safety Act in Korea. Nevertheless, the damage caused by road hazards has increased 1.5 times in 2016 compared to 2013. So, developing new technologies that can identify road hazard using the sensors installed in commercial vehicles are conducting by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. As a part of the technologies, this research analyze the error range of GPS installed in commercial vehicles that vary according to the driving speed. As a result, the average error was 9.72m at the driving speed of 100km/h, and the error was 2.1 times larger than the average error of 4.69m at the driving speed of 40km/h. The event point proper integration/separation range(m) was analyzed to be 20m with a recognition rate of 90% or more at the same point regardless of driving speed. The results of this research can be used as basic data for improving the accuracy of location-based data would be collected using commercial vehicles.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.769-777
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• 2003

The strengthening of concrete structures in situ with externally bonded carbon fiber is increasingly being used for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Because carbon fiber is attractive for this application due to its good tensile strength, resistances to corrosion, and low weight. Generally bond strength and behavior between concrete and carbon fiber mesh(CFM) is very important, because of enhancing bond of CFM. Therefore if bond strength is sufficient, it will be expect to enhance reinforcement effect. Unless sufficient, expect not to enhance reinforcement effect, because of occuring bond failure between concrete and CFM. In this study, the bond strength and load-displacement response of CFM to the concrete by the direct pull-out test(the tensile-shear test method) were investigated using the experiment and the finite element method analysis with ABAQUS. The key variables of the experiment are the location of clip, number of clips and thickness of cover mortar. The general results indicate that the clip anchorage technique for increasing bond strength with CFM appear to be effective to maintain the good post-failure behavior.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.73-80
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• 2012

In this article, we propose a P2P-based mobility management protocol for global seamless handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. Unlike previous mobility management protocols such as IETF MIPv4/6 and its variants, the proposed protocol can support global seamless handover without changing the existing network infrastructure. The idea of the proposed protocol is that the location management function for mobility management is separately supported from packet forwarding function, and bidirectional IP tunnels for packet transmission are dynamically constructed between two end-to-end mobile hosts. In addition, early handover techniques have been developed to avoid large handover delays and packet losses using the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover functions. The architecture and signaling procedure of the proposed protocol have been designed in detail, and the mathematical analysis and simulation have been done for performance evaluation. The performance results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the existing MIPv6 and HMIPv6 in terms of handover latency and packet loss.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the behavioral pattern of student. faculty. administration staff. and visitor by questionnaire about the campus forest of Kangwon National University. In the question of the necessity of the campus forest. 97% of students. 100% of faculty and 91% of adminstration staff agreed with the necessity of the campus forest and 80% of university members use the campus fores t. The most frequent site of the campus forest was the Yeon-Juk pond for students and adminstration staff and was the site behind the art building for faculty. The main reason for use of the campus forest was mostly a walk. About the questions dealt with one' s satisfaction regarding the campus forest. most members evaluated the average level. and the facilities of physical training were evaluated in the unsatisfied level. The improvements for the campus forest were suggested about conservation of the campus forest. increasing of physical training facilities and the jogging courses. and managing the mineral water and pond. The visitors using the campus forests were mostly retied people or housewives older than 50 years old. 80% of visitors visits mostly in the morning and 70% of the visitors comes to the campus forest by oneself. The main reasons for use of the campus forest were a walk and dipping the mineral water. The most frequent location was the Yeon-Juk pond for the visitors. Most visitors were strongly satisfied with using of the campus forest. In the questionnaire about improvements of the campus forest, the visitors suggested the increasing of physical training facilities. conservation of the campus forest, and establishing more walking roads and benches.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.643-652
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• 2006

Data of the carbon monoxide concentration observed in Mt. Waliguan in China (WLG), Ulaan Uul in Mongolia (UUM), Tae-ahn Peninsula in Korea (TAP), and Ryori in Japan (RYO) were analyzed for a long period between 1991 and 2004. The annual average concentration of carbon monoxide was the highest at TAP $(233{\pm}41ppb)$ followed by $RYO(171{\pm}36ppb),\;UUM(155{\pm}26ppb),\;and\;WLG(135{\pm}22ppb)$. The seasonal variations being high in spring and low in summer were observed in other areas of Eastern Asia except WLG. TAP was high in carbon monoxide concentration in all seasons compared to WLG, UUM and RYO and shows wide distribution of concentration in the histogram, which is caused by the influence of large-scale air pollution due to its downwind location close to the East Asian continent, China in particular. Also, our data was compared with data measured at Mauna Loa (MLO) in Hawaii. According to the origin of the isentropic backward trajectory and its transport passage, carbon monoxide concentration observed in TAP was analyzed as follows: continental background airflows (CBG) were $216{\pm}47ppb$; regionally polluted continental airflows (RPC) were $316{\pm}56ppb$; Oceanic background airflows (OBG) were $108{\pm}41ppb$; and Partly perturbed oceanic airflows (PPO) were $161{\pm}6ppb$. The high concentration of carbon monoxide in TAP is due to the airflow from East Asian continent origin rather than that from the North Pacific origin. Especially, RPC which passes through the eastern China appeared to be the highest in concentration in spring, fall, and winter. However, OBG was affected by the North Pacific air mass with a low carbon monoxide concentration in summer. The NOAA satellite images and GEOS-CHEM model simulation confirmed a large-scale air pollution event that was in the course of expansion from southeastern China bound to the Korean Peninsula and the Korea East Sea by way of the Yellow Sea.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.215-229
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify the management situation and development plan targeting private bakery owners who are doing business in major cities. For research, the questionnaire survey was conducted targeting 69 owners who are operating bakery at the point of data collection, and the data were analyzed using frequency analysis and paired-sample t-test using SPSS. The results of the study were as follows. Owners' baking career and management career were mostly more than 10 years. They are currently managing bakeries with at least 4 competing bakeries and point out franchise-type bakeries as major competitors. Also, they responded that the most important factor for strengthening competitive edge of shop was employees and that the enhancement in technology and employees with adequate techniques are important for improving sales. Also, the result of paired sample t-test revealed that the communication had the biggest difference between importance and satisfaction perceptions among taste, sanitation, service, price, product, location, and communication. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.439-447
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• 2011

Introduction: In today's society, the rapid and appropriate care of the dental emergency patients is much more important. So, a retrospective study on the characteristics of emergency dental injuries and diseases will be very meaningful. Materials and Methods: This retrospective clinical study was carried by reviewing the radiographic films and emergency chart of 11,493 patients who had visited the emergency room of Hallym Sacred heart Hospital and were treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from January 2006 to December 2010. Results: The male to female ratio was 1.9:1. The highest monthly incidence was observed in May (10.4%) and June (8.9%) and the peak age distribution was the first decade (56.0%), followed by the second decade (16.0%). Trauma was the most common cause in dental emergency patients, followed in order by toothache, odontogenic infection, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder and oral hemorrhage. Soft tissue injury was most prevalent in the trauma group, followed by tooth injury and facial bone fractures. In the tooth injury group, tooth fracture (56.7%) showed the highest incidence followed in order by tooth subluxation (18.2%), tooth concussion (16.9%), tooth avulsion (11.5%) and alveolar bone fractures (3.7%). In the facial bone fracture group, mandibular fractures (81.8%) showed the highest incidence followed in order by maxilla fractures (15.7%), nasal bone fractures (9.0%), zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures (5.4%), orbital bone fractures (2.5%). In mandibular bone fractures, the most common location was the symphysis (70.1%), followed in order by the mandibular angle (33.0%), mandibular condyle (22.8%) and mandibular body (13.6%). In the infection group, a submandibular space abscess (46.2%) was most common followed in order by a buccal space abscess (17.4%), canine space abscess (16.9%) and submental space abscess (12.3%). TMJ dislocation (89.3%) showed the highest incidence in the TMJ disorder group, followed by TMJ derangement (10.7%). In the other group, a range of specific symptoms due to post operation complications, trigeminal neuralgia, chemical burns and foreign body aspiration were reported. Conclusion: For the rapid and appropriate care of the dental emergency patients, well-organized system should be presented in oral and maxillofacial surgery. And it is possible under analysis of pattern and the variation of the dental emergency patients.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-173
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• 2019

Last-Mile delivery optimization plays a key role in the urban supply chain operation, which is the most expensive and time-consuming and most complicated part of the whole delivery process. The urban consolidation center (UCC) is regarded as a significant asset for supporting customer demand in the last-mile delivery service. It is the key benefit of UCC to improve the load balance of vehicles and to reduce the total traveling distance by finding the better route with the well-organized multi-leg vehicle journey in the urban area. This paper presents the model using multiple scenario analysis integrated with mathematical optimization techniques using Geographic Information System (GIS). The model aims to find the best solution for the distribution network consisted of DC and UCC, which is applied to the case of Ulaanbaatar Mongolia. The proposed methodology integrates two sub-models, location-allocation model and vehicle routing problem. The multiple scenarios devised by selecting locations of UCC are compared considering the general performance and delivery patterns together. It has been adopted to make better decisions the quantitative metrics such as the economic value of capital cost, operating cost, and balance of using available resources. The result of this research may help the manager or public authorities who should design the distribution network for the last mile delivery service optimization using UCC within the urban area.