• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.239-249
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• 2024

A new layered shear continuum model box was developed to address the dynamic response issues of buried oil and gas pipelines under multi-point excitation. Vibration table tests were conducted to investigate the seismic response of buried pipelines and the surrounding soil under longitudinal multi-point excitation. A nonlinear model of the pipeline-soil interaction was established using ABAQUS finite element software for simulation and analysis. The seismic response characteristics of the pipeline and soil under longitudinal multi-point excitation were clarified through vibration table tests and simulation. The results showed good consistency between the simulation and tests. The acceleration of the soil and pipeline exhibited amplification effects at loading levels of 0.1 g and 0.2 g, which significantly reduced at loading levels of 0.4 g and 0.62 g. The peak acceleration increased with increasing loading levels, and the peak frequency was in the low-frequency range of 0 Hz to 10 Hz. The amplitude in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 50 Hz showed a significant decreasing trend. The displacement peak curve of the soil increased with the loading level, and the nonlinearity of the soil resulted in a slower growth rate of displacement. The strain curve of the pipeline exhibited a parabolic shape, with the strain in the middle of the pipeline about 3 to 3.5 times larger than that on both sides. This study provides an effective theoretical basis and test basis for improving the seismic resistance of buried oil and gas pipelines.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the vertical stress properties in sandy soil according to changes of loading type in soil bin compacted three layers. The following conclusions and comparisons have been made based on careful analysis from theoretical and experimental methods. : When sandy soil subjected to cycle-loading, compression of foundation and diffusion of vertical stress increment(${\Delta}{\sigma}_2$) were influenced by magnitude of loading plate. When sandy soil subjected to reloading after removing of pre-loading, the distribution of ${\Delta}{\sigma}_2$ depth at one time of loading plate width was different from its distribution at more deep point cause of load hysteresis, so in case of design of structure, the effect of ${\Delta}{\sigma}_2$ as depth must be considered. The increment of vertical stress will be different as loading condition and foundation depth, the loading condition must be considered in case of structure design.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.639-656
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• 2006

In order to apply the leak before break (LBB) concept to nuclear piping systems, the dynamic strain aging effect of low carbon steel materials has to be taken into account, in compliance with the requirements of the Korean Standard Review Guide (KSRG) 3.6.3-1. For this goal, J-R tests are needed for a range of various temperatures and loading rates, including dynamic loading conditions. In the dynamic loading J-R test, the unloading compliance method can not be applied to measure the crack growth and direct current potential drop (DCPD) method; this method also has a problem defining the crack initiation point. The normalization method is known as a very useful method to determine the J-R curve under dynamic loading because it does not need additional equipment or complicated loading sequences such as electric current or unloading. This method was accepted by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as a standard test method E1820 A15 in 2001. However, it has not yet been clearly verified yet if the normalization method is sufficiently reliable to be applied to LBB. In this study, the basic background of the J-integral, LBB and dynamic loading J-R test are explained, and the current status for dynamic loading J-R test methods are reviewed from the view point of LBB for nuclear piping. In particular, the theoretical and historical background of the normalization method which has received attention recently, is summarized. Recent studies for this method are introduced and future works are suggested that may improve the reliability of LBB for nuclear piping.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.572-577
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• 2011

비점오염부하량 산정을 위해 사용되는 원단위는 쉽게 이용 가능하지만, 지역의 토지이용 특성과 강우강도의 시간적인 변이를 고려하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 간편하면서도 강우량에 따른 부하량 변화를 고려한 보다 정확한 비점부하량 산정방법을 개발 및 적용하였다. 경기도 경안천 유역에 위치한 두 개의 비점오염저감시설을 대상으로 2010년 6월부터 11월까지 모니터링을 수행하여 강우강도, 유출 특성, 오염부하 등에 관한 분석을 진행하였다. 비점오염원 유출수의 특성을 나타내는 유량가중평균농도(Event Mean Concentration; EMC)의 경우에는 도시 지역인 경기도 광주시 경안동이 산과 밭으로 이루어진 용인시 모현면에 비해 높거나 비슷한 값을 보였으나, TP (Total Phosphorus)의 경우 유역 내 농경지에 사용된 퇴비나 비료에 포함된 인의 영향으로 모현면이 경안동보다 더 높게 나타났다. 강우량과 오염물질 배출부하량과의 관계는 3차원 다항식에 의해 가장 잘 설명되었으며, 0.33~0.81 범위의 결정계수를 나타내고 있다. 산정된 유출율 및 부하량 함수의 기울기가 EMC 결과와 반대되는 경향을 보이는 것으로부터, 비점오염원은 토지이용 이외에도 지형, 토성, 수리 수문현상 등에 따라 배출특성이 달라짐을 알 수 있다. 따라서 비점오염물질의 유출 특성을 정확히 파악하기 위해서는 장기모니터링을 통한자료의 수집을 바탕으로 강우량에 따른 부하량 변화를 고려한 비점부하량 산정함수를 구하는 것이 필요하다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.198-203
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• 2013

Nowadays, it seems like that the concept of the early loading protocol has been intruded between the concept of the immediate loading supported by advanced clinicians and the concept of the conventional loading supported by the prudent clinicians. In particular, the stability dip, which is found to occur usually at 4~6 weeks after dental implant placement because the decrease of the primary mechanical stability is not compensated by the increase of the secondary biologic stability, is frequently pointed out as one of the major causes of early loading failure. In this article, based on our recent clinical investigation about the crestal bone preservation effect of the early loaded NanoTite$^{TM}$ Tapered Certain Prevail$^{(R)}$ (Biomet 3i, USA), the concept of the early loading is revisited. In addition, various methods to overcome the stability dip are reviewed as the oral and maxillofacial surgeon's view point.

• 농촌계획
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2001

Estimation of current and future loading from watershed is necessary for the sound management of water quality of an estuary lake. Pollution sources of point and non-point source pollution were surveyed and Identified for the Koheung watershed. Unit factor method was used to estimate potential pollutant load from the watershed of current conditions. Flow rate and water qualify of base flow and storm-runoff were monitored in the main streams of the watershed. Estimation of runoff pollutant loading from the watershed into the lake in current conditions was conducted by GWLF model after calibration using observed data. Prospective pollutant loading from the reclaimed paddy fields under cultivation conditions was estimated using the modified CREAMS model. As a result, changes of pollutant loading into estuary lake according to non-cultivation and cultivation conditions of reclaimed tidal land were estimated.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2003

It is important to understand the characteristics of material strength and fracture under the dynamic loading like as earthquakes to assure the integrity of welded structures. The characteristics of dynamic strength and fracture in structural steels and their welded joints should be evaluated based on the effects of the strain rate and the service temperature. It is difficult to predict or measure temperature rise history with the corresponding stress-strain behavior. In particular, material behaviors beyond the uniform elongation can not be precisely evaluated, though the behavior at large strain region after the maximum loading point is much important for the evaluation of fracture. In this paper, the coupling phenomena of temperature and stress-strain fields under the dynamic loading was simulated by using the finite element method. The modified rate-temperature parameter was defined by accounting for the effect of temperature rise under the dynamic deformation, and it was applied to the fully-coupled analysis between heat conduction and thermal elastic-plastic behavior. Temperature rise and stress-strain behavior including complicated phenomena were studies after the maximum loading point in structural steels and their undermatched joints and compared with the measured values.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.7-23
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• 2014

This study estimates unit for the nonpoint source(NPS), classified according to the existing Level-1(large scale) land cover map, by monitoring the measurement results from each Level-2(medium scale) land cover map, and verifies the applicability by comparison with previously calculated units using the Level-1 land cover map. The NPS pollutant loading for a basin is evaluated by applying the NPS pollutant unit to Dongcheon basin using the Level-2 land cover map. In addition, the BASINS/HSPF(Better Assessment Science Integrating point & Non-point Sources/Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran) model is used to evaluate the reliability of the NPS pollutant loading computation by comparing the loading during precipitation in the Dongcheon basin. The NPS pollutant unit for the Level-2 land cover map is computed based on precipitation measured by the Sangju observatory in the Nakdong River basin. Finally, the feasibility of the NPS pollutant loading computation using a BASINS/HSPF model is evaluated by comparing and analyzing the NPS pollutant loading when estimated unit using the Level-2 land cover map and simulated using the BASINS/HSPF models.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 1994년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.95-102
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• 1994

A path-switching strategy by combining the use of generalized inverse and line search is proposed. A reliable predictor for the tangent vector to bifurcation path is first computed by using the generalized inverse approach. A line search in the direction of maximum gradient of total potential at the point of intersection between the above predictor and a constant loading plane introduced in the vicinity of the detected bifurcation point is then carried out for the purpose of obtaining an improved approximation for a point on bifurcation path. With this approximation obtained, an actual point on bifurcation path is then computed through iteration on the constant loading plane.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.226-233
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• 1998

자연적으로, 혹은 인위적으로 발생된 균열들은 현지암반의 공학적 거동에 대한 중요한 자료를 제공한다. 일정한 방향으로 분포하는 미세균열들은 암반의 물성에 현저한 영향을 미치게 되지만, 다른 요인들에 의한 이방성이 큰 경우에는 이들의 영향은 감소한다. 본 연구에서는 초음파속도의 이방성과 점하중 재하에 의한 인공균열의 진행방향을 기초로, 암석조직이 암석의 물성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 암석시료는 우백질의 포천화강암 석재에서 코어링한 NX 시험편과 현장 시추코어를 사용하였다. 시료에 분포하는 균열들의 주 방향을 기준으로 설정한 후, 초음파속도의 이방성을 측정한 결과, 균열에 수직한 방향에서 초음파속도의 최소치가 측정되었다. 속도측정에 사용한 NX코어로부터 EX크기의 원판형 시험편을 성형한 수 점하중 재하실험을 수행하였으며, 점하중재하에 의한 인공균열의 진행방향은 기존의 미세균열의 방향과 거의 일치하였다.