• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.116-123
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to model and simulate the nonlinear lubrication performance of the sliding part between the piston and cylinder wall in a hydrostatic swash-plate-type axial piston pump. A numerical algorithm is developed that facilitates simultaneous calculation of the rotating body motion and fluid film pressure to observe the fluid film geometry and power loss. It is assumed that solid asperity contact, so-called mixed lubrication in this study, invariably occurs in the swash-plate-type axial piston pump, which produces a higher lateral moment on the pistons than other types of hydrostatic machines. Two comparative mixed lubrication models, rigid and elastic, are used to determine the reaction force and sliding friction. The rigid model does not allow any elastic deformation in the partial lubrication area. The patch shapes, reactive forces, and virtual local elastic deformation in the partial lubrication area are obtained in the elastic contact model using a simple Hertz contact theory. The calculation results show that a higher reaction force and friction loss are obtained in the rigid model, indicating that solid deformation is a significant factor on the lubrication characteristics of the reciprocating piston part.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.623-639
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• 2015

Self-compacting Concrete (SCC) Filled Square steel Tubes (SCFST) was used to strengthen square RC columns. To establish the efficiency of this strengthening method, 17 columns were tested under axial compression loading including 3 RC columns without any strengthening (WRC), 1 RC column strengthened with concrete jacket (CRC), 13 RC columns strengthened with self-compacting concrete filled square steel tubes (SRC). The experimental results showed that the use of SCFST is interesting since the ductility and the bearing capacity of the RC columns are greatly improved. The improvement ratio is significantly affected by the nominal wall thickness of steel tubes (t), the strength grade of strengthening concrete (C), and the length-to-width ratio (L / B) of the specimens. In order to quantitatively analyze the effect of these test parameters on axial loading behavior of the SRC columns, three performance indices, enhancement ratio (ER), ductility index (DI), and confinement ratio (CR), were used. The strength of the SRC columns obtained from the experiments was then employed to verify the proposed mode referring to the relevant codes. It was found that codes DBJ13-51 could relatively predict the strength of the SRC columns accurately, and codes AIJ and BS5400 were relatively conservative.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.313-337
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• 2012

A three-dimensional formulation is proposed to analyze the lateral loading distribution of external actions in high-rise buildings. The method is extended to encompass any combination of bracings, including bracings with open thin-walled cross-sections, which are analyzed in the framework of Timoshenko-Vlasov's theory of sectorial areas. More in detail, the proposed unified approach is a tool for the preliminary stages of structural design. It considers infinitely rigid floors in their own planes, and allows to better understand stress and strain distributions in the different bearing elements if compared to a finite element analysis. Numerical examples, describing the structural response of tall buildings characterized by bracings with different cross-section and height, show the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method. The accuracy of the results is investigated by a comparison with finite element solutions, in which the bracings are modelled as three-dimensional structures by means of shell elements.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.359-364
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• 2020

Numerical investigation of the groove trap effect with variation in the groove-edge radius of curvature is presented here. The trap effect is evaluated in a two-dimensional sliding bearing using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This simulation is based on the discrete phase model (DPM) and standard k - ε turbulence model using commercial CFD software, FLUENT. The numerical results are evaluated by comparisons with streamlines and particle trajectories in the grooves. Grooves are applied to various lubrication systems to improve their lubrication characteristics, such as load carrying capacity increment, leakage reduction, frictional loss reduction, and preventing three-body abrasive wear due to trapping effect. This study investigates the grove trapping effect for various groove-edge radius of curvature values and Reynolds numbers. The particle is assumed to be made of steel, with a circular shape, and is injected as a single particle in various positions. One-way coupling is used in the DPM model because the single particle injection condition is applied. Further, the "reflect" condition is applied to the wall boundary and "escape" condition is used for the "pressure inlet" and "pressure outlet" boundaries. From the numerical results, the groove edge radius is found to influence the groove trap effect. Moreover, the groove trap effect is more effective when applying the groove edge radius.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2022

EDCC (Eco-Friendly Ductile Cementitious Composites) is a recently created class of engineered cementitious composites that exhibit extremely high ductility and elastoplastic behavior under pure tension. EDCC contains reduced amounts of cement and very large volumes of fly ash. Due to these properties, EDCC has become one of the solutions to use in seismic upgrading. This paper discloses previous studies and research that discussed the seismic upgrading of unreinforced, non-grouted, unconfined, and non-load bearing masonry walls which are called URM infill walls using the EDCC technique. URM infill wall is one of the weak links in the building structure to withstand the earthquake waves, as the brittle behavior of the URM infill walls behaves poorly during seismic events. The purpose of this study is to fill a knowledge gap about the theoretical and experimental ways to use the EDCC in URM infill walls. The findings reflect the ability of the EDCC to change the behavior from brittle to ductile to a certain percentage behavior, increasing the overall drift before collapse as it increases the energy dissipation, and resists significant shaking under extensive levels with various types and intensities.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.599-614
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• 2022

In this study, the reliability analysis of internal and external stabilities of Reinforced Soil Walls (RSWs) under static and seismic loads are investigated so that it can help the geotechnical engineers to perform the design more realistically. The effect of various variables such as angle of internal soil friction, soil specific gravity, tensile strength of the reinforcements, base friction, surcharge load and finally horizontal earthquake acceleration are examined assuming the variables uncertainties. Also, the correlation coefficient impact between variables, sensitivity analysis, mean change, coefficient of variation and type of probability distribution function were evaluated. In this research, external stability (sliding, overturning and bearing capacity) and internal stability (tensile rupture and pull out) in both static and seismic conditions were investigated. Results of this study indicated sliding as the predominant failure mode in the external stability and reinforcing rupture in the internal stability. First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) are applied to estimate the reliability index (or failure probability) and results are validated using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The results showed among all variables, the internal friction angle and horizontal earthquake acceleration have dominant impact on the both reinforced soil wall internal and external stabilities limit states. Also, the type of probability distribution function affects the reliability index significantly and coefficient of variation of internal friction angle has the greatest influence in the static and seismic limits states compared to the other variables.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제92권1호
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• pp.25-52
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• 2024

In the current paper, the various responses of concrete rectangular liquid storage containers under seismic load, each isolated by a lead-rubber bearing subjected to bi-directional earthquake forces are investigated. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of isolation period, yield strength of the isolator and the effects of soil-foundation interaction for non-isolated and base-isolated tanks located on different soil types. In most cases, the value of base shear, base moment, wall displacement and hydrodynamic pressure is reduced by the effect of the isolators whose effective frequency is within the appropriate range. The sloshing displacement is amplified due to seismic isolation of the tanks for both tall and shallow tank configurations. Also, it is found that the seismic isolation technique is more efficient for the more flexible tank. Studying various soil types indicates that, unlike the responses of non-isolated tanks which change drastically for different soil types, the responses of base-isolated structures are less affected. Finally, it is observed that the variation in structural responses is not only related to the superstructure configuration and bearings properties but also depends on the earthquake specifications.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 세계 도시지반공학 심포지엄
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

Incheon Bridge, 18.4 km long sea-crossing bridge, will be opened to the traffic in October 2009 and this will be the new landmark of the gearing up north-east Asia as well as the largest & longest bridge of Korea. Incheon Bridge is the integrated set of several special featured bridges including a magnificent cable-stayed girder bridge which has a main span of 800 m width to cross the navigation channel in and out of the Port of Incheon. Incheon Bridge is making an epoch of long-span bridge designs thanks to the fully application of the AASHTO LRFD (load & resistance factor design) to both the superstructures and the substructures. A state-of-the-art of the geotechnologies which were applied to the Incheon Bridge construction project is introduced. The most Large-diameter drilled shafts were penetrated into the bedrock to support the colossal superstructures. The bearing capacity and deformational characteristics of the foundations were verified through the world's largest static pile load test. 8 full-scale pilot piles were tested in both offshore site and onshore area prior to the commencement of constructions. Compressible load beyond 30,000 tonf pressed a single 3 m diameter foundation pile by means of bi-directional loading method including the Osterberg cell techniques. Detailed site investigation to characterize the subsurface properties had been carried out. Geotextile tubes, tied sheet pile walls, and trestles were utilized to overcome the very large tidal difference between ebb and flow at the foreshore site. 44 circular-cell type dolphins surround the piers near the navigation channel to protect the bridge against the collision with aberrant vessels. Each dolphin structure consists of the flat sheet piled wall and infilled aggregates to absorb the collision impact. Geo-centrifugal tests were performed to evaluate the behavior of the dolphin in the seabed and to verify the numerical model for the design. Rip-rap embankments on the seabed are expected to prevent the scouring of the foundation. Prefabricated vertical drains, sand compaction piles, deep cement mixings, horizontal natural-fiber drains, and other subsidiary methods were used to improve the soft ground for the site of abutments, toll plazas, and access roads. Light-weight backfill using EPS blocks helps to reduce the earth pressure behind the abutment on the soft ground. Some kinds of reinforced earth like as MSE using geosynthetics were utilized for the ring wall of the abutment. Soil steel bridges made of corrugated steel plates and engineered backfills were constructed for the open-cut tunnel and the culvert. Diverse experiences of advanced designs and constructions from the Incheon Bridge project have been propagated by relevant engineers and it is strongly expected that significant achievements in geotechnical engineering through this project will contribute to the national development of the longspan bridge technologies remarkably.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.71-86
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• 1983

현재(現在) WSD로 설계(設計)되고 있는 우리 나라 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 옹벽구조물(擁壁構造物)에 있어서 가장 보편적으로 사용되고 있는 캔틸레버 옹벽(擁壁)의 안정해석(安定解析) 및 각부설계(各部設計)를 보다 합리적(合理的)이며 확률적(確率的)인 신뢰성(信賴性) 이론(理論)을 도입하여 신뢰성(信賴性) 모델에 따른 안정해석(安定解析) 및 각부설계(各部設計)에 대한 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계규준(設計規準)을 LRFD에 의거하여 제안(提案)하고, 또 안정해석(安定解析)의 공칭안전율(公稱安全率)에 대한 이론적(理論的)인 근거를 제시(提示)하는 것이 본(本) 연구(硏究)의 주요내용(主要內容)이다. 신뢰성(信賴性) 이론(理論)에 의해 안정해석(安定解析) 및 각부설계(各部設計)에 대한 한계상태방정식(限界狀態方程式)을 유도하고, Coulomb의 주동토압계수(主動土壓係數), Hansen의 지지력공식(支持力公式)을 사용하여 Cornell의 MFOSM에 의해 불확실량(不確實量) 산정(算定)의 알고리즘을 유도하였으며 그에 따른 불확실량수준(不確實量水準)은 우리 나라의 현실(現實)을 고려한 적절한 값으로 제안(提案)하였다. 현행(現行) R.C. 옹벽설계규준(擁壁設計規準)에 따라 Calibration 하므로서 목표신뢰성지수(目標信賴性指數)${\beta}_0$를 다음과 같이 선택하고(전도(轉倒): ${\beta}_0$=4.0, 골동(滑動): ${\beta}_0$=3.5, 지지력(支持力): ${\beta}_0$=3.0, 휨: ${\beta}_0$=3.0, 전단(剪斷): ${\beta}_0$=3.2), 이 ${\beta}_0$에 대응하는 하중(荷重) 및 저항계수(抵抗係數)를 산정(算定)하였으며, 안정해석(安定解析)에 대한 현행(現行) 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 표준시방서(標準示方書)의 안전율(安全率)을 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 값이 적절하다는 것을 알았다(전도(轉倒): 1.8, 골동(滑動): 1.9, 지지력(支持力): 3.6). 또한 현행(現行) WSD R.C. 옹벽(擁壁)의 설계규준(設計規準)을 위해 신뢰성(信賴性)에 의한 공칭안전율(公稱安全率)과 허용응력(許容應力)을 제안(提案)하였다. 그리고 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제안(提案)하는 R.C. 옹벽(擁壁)의 LRFD 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계규준(設計規準)을 현행(現行) R.C. 표준시방서(標準示方書)의 설계규준(設計規準)에 대응(對應)하는 설계규준(設計規準)으로 도입함이 바람직하다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.59-70
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• 1996

도로성토 하중저감공법중의 하나인 EPS공법은 초 경량재(20~30kg/m3)로서 연약지반상에 성토재로 사용하여 지반의 유효응력 증가분을 최소화함으로써 지지력과 침하에 대한 안정성을 쉽게 확보할 수 있고, 옹벽.교대등의 구조물 뒤채움재나 응급 복구용 채움재로 활용할 경우 토압 경감효과를 기대할 수 있다. 그러나 아직까지 국내에서는 공학적 성토 재료로서 활용하기 위한 물성 시험 방법이 정확히 확립되어 있지 않고 보온 재료로서의 시험 방법 및 품질 규정만이 KS에 규정되어 있다. 그로 인해 생산되는 EPS의 체계적인 토질공학적 시험 데이터 없이 성토 재료로 사용하고 있는 실정이다.따라서 본 연구에서는 공학적 재료로 활용하기 위해 필요한 강도특성, 변형특성, 흡수특성, 크리프특성 등에 대해 시험을 통하여 공학적 특성을 규명하였고, 보다 적합한 품질 규정의 제정 필요성과 일축압축강도에 의한 설계기준강도를 제안하였다.